介绍北京英文

第1篇：介绍北京英文

《英文报阅读举隅》的介绍与研究

摘要：经考证，开明书店于1933年出版的由陈希周所编著的《英文报阅读举隅》是中国近代第一部探讨报刊英语的著作，本文通过对其所收录英语新闻涉及的主题、其讲解英语新闻程序及特点的介绍与分析，论证了这部著作不仅对探讨报刊英语学术史本身具有重要的学理价值和史料价值，而且也为研究民国时期(20世纪30年代)的新闻英语和中华民国史提供了翔实可靠的文献资料。

关键词：报刊英语 《英文报阅读举隅》 新闻英语 学理价值 史料价值

引言

报刊英语所涉及的体裁很广。翻开英文报刊，我们看到的是各种具有不同特点和风格的体裁：消息报道、特写文章、新闻评论、小品文、天气预报、广告等。毫无疑问，报刊本身所具有的特质就决定了其刊登的新闻类体裁占据着举足轻重的地位。新闻的简单定义是：新闻是对受众所关注的新近发生的事实的报道，因此最具有传播效应、也最能给人留下深刻印象是新闻最大的特质。提升英语交际能力的方法有很多，显然阅读英语报刊新闻就是其中一个及时的、能够引起人们极大兴趣的、而且又能快速掌握地道英语的快捷方式。鉴于上述原因，目前国内很多大专院校英语专业都纷纷开设英语报刊文章选读课程，通过这种有效的方式激发学生的兴趣，拓宽认知英语语言的途径，加深对英语世界文化的认同，提高学生的英语学习效率。

学习和研究报刊英语已成为英语学习不可或缺的一个手段，这在很大程度上是由英语语言本身多层次、多角度、纷繁复杂的特质所决定的。报刊英语在越来越信息化、传媒化的社会中所占据的重要性不言而喻，了解和掌握报刊英语的特质，是完善英语学习的一个途径，是构成英语教学的一个重要层面。报刊英语研究作为外语专业中的一门学科，在近代中国，它是何时被纳入到学者研究视野中的呢?这是一个非常有趣、也是非常有意义的话题。

1839年11月4日，在澳门正式创办的马礼逊教育会学校将英语教学引入中国本土，成为中国近代英语教学之滥觞，因此追溯学者对中国近代报刊英语之研究也应该从这一时间开始。翻检由上海书店出版社出版、周振鹤先生所编著的《晚清营业书目》(2005年第1版)，并未有相关著作问世;翻阅由北京图书馆编纂的《民国时期总书目——语言文字分册》之《英语》部分(195页—259页)，可以发现有关探讨英语报刊阅读的著作仅有四本，分别是《英文报阅读举隅》(1933年9月初版)、《英文新闻例释》(1946年7月一版)、《英文报纸读法》(1946年8月初版)和《怎样读英文报》(1947年7月初版);①又根据刊登在《教育杂志》(1909年—1933年)、《申报》(1872年—1933年)和《中华教育界》(1912年—1933年)上的售书广告，可以断定陈希周先生于1933年所编著的《英文报阅读举隅》理应是中国近代第一部探讨报刊英语的著作。有幸在旧书市场购得此本书籍，拜读过后，收获颇多。这本书籍对研究中国报刊英语学术史本身具有重要的学理价值和史料价值，但至今未发现有任何的论文和著作提及此本书籍，故在此有必要向大家做以详细的介绍。

《英文报阅读举隅》之概括性介绍

从这本书前的例言中可以对作者编写此书的目的和编写风格窥见一斑：“1.本书可供学习阅看英文报纸者自修之用，并可採作英文课本。读者读完此书，对于阅看英文报纸之困难，可解决大半。2.本书内容，大半搜集最近一年来各种英文报纸之记事，几二百条，英汉对照，每条并附有[注]及[参考]。读者于依照[注]及译文研究原文之后，尤须注意[参考]材料之运用。3.全书分短简、政治、外交、军事、经济等十四栏，乃为便于学习之目的，但英文报纸并未有此种严格分类，读者请勿误会。4.每栏之末，附以该类记事之常用单语及短句(Phase)。读者阅看英文报纸遇有难解之名词及词句时，则可依其性质应属于何栏者，即于该栏之末检阅之——陈希周谨启一九三二年五月廿二日。”②

《英文报阅读举隅》所收编的英语新闻全部来自于当时在国内、国际上具有影响力的主流权威的英语报刊。英语新闻材料分别来自于中国的The China Press、The Shanghai Times、North China Daily 和Peking-Tientsin Times;日本的The Japan Advertiser、The Japan Times and Mail、The Japan Chronicle 和The Osaka Mainichi;英国的Daily Mail 和Times;美国的The New York World。③显然，由于《英文报刊阅读举隅》所列举的英语新闻均来自于具有国际影响力，并享有良好信誉的英语报刊，这就不仅有力地保证了所收录新闻的时效性、真实性、客观性、重要性及价值性，而且也保证了其所使用的新闻英语语言的标准性、规范性、真实性及地道性，上述的这些因素为一般读者掌握报刊英语知识、提高报刊英语阅读技巧提供了必要的前提条件。

《英文报阅读举隅》收录英语新闻所涉及的主题情况

此书涵括的英文报阅读材料按照体裁划分为：新闻、公告和广告。所收集的英文报刊新闻涉及民国社会和亚洲、欧洲、美洲国家的各个领域，主题极为广泛，信息量广博，按新闻的报道内容分类，共涉及13大类别的英语新闻，下面将按照分类列出其涉及的重要英语新闻主题。

第1类：“短简：人事及一般消息”类新闻。共计13条，涉及中国的有4条，涉及日本的有5条，剩下的消息涉及朝鲜、南斯拉夫及其他欧美国家。

第2类：政治类新闻。共计17条，其中涉及中国的有6条，涉及日本的有2条，涉及英国的有3条，涉及德国的有2条，涉及苏俄的有2条，涉及印度的有1条，涉及西班牙的有1条。

第3类：外交类新闻。共计14条，主要有下列主题，“中国任命驻日新公使、重光葵受命为驻华日使、有田氏受命为公使(日本)、中国致国联声明书、蒋介石劝言忍耐、日奥修约、国际联盟下次会议议程……”

第4类：军事类新闻。共计15条，主要有下列主题，“炮舰检阅(中国)、张学良力主无抵抗主义、‘剿共’军克服三市镇、湖南预防省防、二十架军用飞机到沪——水陆两用机两架系为航空交通需用、日本增设空军团、新驱逐舰(日本)……”

第5类：经济、商业类新闻。共计13条，涉及中国的多达7条，涉及日本的1条，涉及美国的3条，涉及德国的1条，涉及苏俄的2条。

随后的新闻种类分别是：运输、交通类，犯罪、警察、法庭类，劳动、社会运动类，集会类，教育、学术类，健康、体育类，火警、灾祸类和天灾、气象类。

作者将“公告·广告”划分为最后一类，第14类，严格来讲，这样划分并不科学和严谨，因为前述的13类都属于新闻类的体裁，应该将此部分单独列出较为合适。④

综上所述，作者在书中搜集了200多条的英语新闻，几乎涵盖了国内、国际社会各个领域最新发展动态。在作者所引用的200多条英语新闻中，其涉及的新闻主题还有两个显著的特点值得我们关注。其一，其中涉及政治、外交、军事和经济商业这四类的新闻共计59条，占据了总数1/4的比例还要多，而其他共九大类的新闻主题加在一起也不到其总数的3/4，作者的选材表现出了较强的倾向性。其二，作者在选择国别新闻时，在短简、政治、外交、军事和经济商业类新闻中，对中国和日本发生的重大事件表现出了高度关注。根据前述的第一部分中所介绍的《例言》可知，作者完稿的日期为1932年5月，而“本书内容，大半搜集自最近一年来各种英文报纸之记事”，我们可以断定，本书收录的英语新闻的时间跨度应该是从1931年5月到1932年5月。显然在这一阶段内，中国历史上发生了两个重大事件，那就是1931年发生在东北的“九·一八”事变和1932年发生在上海的“一·二八”事变。随着这两次事变的发生，日本全面侵华的进程逐步加快、程度日益加深，其企图发动全面侵华战争的狼子野心已经暴露无遗，处于极其凶险环境中的中华民族再次陷入了空前的事关国家生死存亡的危机之中。日军的侵华暴行对国内、国际社会都产生了重大而深刻的影响，尤其是明显地体现在政治、外交、军事和经济领域;中华民族为抵抗强敌的入侵，众志成城、团结一致，已经为抗击日寇做好了全面的准备。在此重大历史背景的前提下，国内媒体和民众自然都把关注的焦点集中到了与中国和日本密切相关的在政治、外交、军事和经济领域发生的这些重要事件的上面，并对此保持了高度的警惕性。

综上所述，作者选材的特点明显地凸显了报刊新闻所具有的重要性、显著性和接近性的特质。所谓重要性，指的是新闻事件与当前社会生活和大家的切实利益有着密切关系，势必会引起人们的关心，能够影响到许多人;显著性指新闻中的人物、地点或事件越是著名、越是突出，就越能吸引读者，新闻价值就越大，人们的注意力自然而然地集中到它们的身上;接近性指新闻与读者在地理上或心理上的接近。凡是具有接近性的事实，受众关心，新闻价值就大，因为邻近的新闻不仅可以使人产生心灵上的触动，而且通常可以立即影响人们的行动，所以，新闻价值是与新闻和接受者在地理上的接近程度成正比的，如果新闻所反映的内容相同，则距离越近，新闻价值就越高;除了地理上的接近以外，心理上的接近也能增加接受者对新闻的兴趣。很显然，作者所精心选择的新闻很好地把握了新闻所具有的重要特殊属性，这样就容易引起读者的兴趣，激发他们的阅读，加深他们对新闻的理解，最终提高阅读效率。还有一点需要指出的是，作者这种选材的倾向性有利于引导读者关注国家民族命运，加强民众的凝聚力，增强爱国主义精神，培养读者紧跟时代发展的良好的英语阅读习惯。

作者将公告和广告划分为英语报刊阅读材料的第14大类，虽然没有对阅读材料像其他类别的英语新闻那样按照严格的程序进行讲解，也没有归纳和总结常见的广告类行业术语，但是，显而易见，作者已经意识到了公告和广告是一种不同于新闻的独特的语体，它应该有着自己的更加特殊的语言表达特色，应该在此书中给读者以必要的提醒，引起他们的关注和重视。从这一点来看，这是难能可贵的。

《英文报阅读举隅》讲解英语新闻的程序及其特点的介绍与分析

现在以外交类英语新闻中的《中国致国联声明书》(CHINA’S PETITION TO LEAGUE COUNCIL)为例，以更好了解此书讲解每一条英语新闻的特点与风格。由于篇幅所限，英文原文在此不再一一赘述。

其讲解具体程序依次如下所示(每条新闻都是如此)：第一步是英语新闻的汉语翻译，“[国民社九月廿三南京电]日内瓦中国代表团总代表施肇基博士，向国联秘书长德鲁蒙氏提出关于满洲危局之声明书，其内容如下：为奉本国政府命令，请贵秘书长注意下列事件，并请根据盟约第十一条，立即召集国联理事会，以便采取最有效的方法，保障国际和平事。查中国代表团曾于本月十九日将此种情况之发生，及中国不负任何过咎之事实，通知理事会。此后屡接本国政府来电，告以情势越发严重，日本之正式军队，已无故向中国军队及沈阳开始轰击。炮击兵工厂营房，焚毁火药库，并将长春、宽城子一带中国军队缴械，其后又占据沈阳、安东及其他各地，所有公共机关及交通机关，均经强迫占据。对于此种强暴行为，中国军队及人民，因在中国政府命令下采取无抵抗，且并禁止可使形势越发严重之行为。中国为国联会员之一，认为对于此种形势之发生，应要求根据盟约第十一条之规定，采取有效之动作。故余奉中国政府命令，请理事会按照盟约第十一条所授予之权，采取最有效方法，阻止此种情势之扩大，以免危及国际和平，同时恢复战前之性质及数目。中国政府对于理事会之建议及大会之决议，决定遵守无异议。”

与讲究生动形象、含蓄蕴藉和追求各种艺术效果的文学语言相比，英语报刊新闻报道不失为一种具有鲜明语言形式和文体特点的语言资料。报刊的这一社会职能决定了报刊英语许多独特的文体特点。这种独特的文体特点往往不为一般读者所熟悉，成为他们理解英语新闻内容的主要障碍之一，因此给出较为标准的汉语翻译是十分有必要的;还有，新闻英语的汉译有自己独特的标准和方法。一般而言，新闻翻译的首要标准是准确、完整，与其他文体类资料的翻译相比，要更加忠实于原文;另一条标准是应该符合汉语新闻的风格，因为读者毕竟大多是中国人。读者通过对比英语原文和汉语译文，可以揣摩、发现和总结新闻英语汉译的翻译技巧和方法。

第二步是“[注]”，即注释。为了加深读者的理解和记忆，作者列出关键词汇，再次给出精确的汉语翻译。作者关注的对象主要是：有关外交行业的术语，表示地点的专有名词，复杂的介词短语，复杂的动词短语，派生词和复合词等，这些在一般的英语类词典中很难查询到，作者关注的对象正好反映出了英语新闻所具有的较为独特的语言表达特点和风格。

第三步是“[参考]”。共包括6个项目的讲解，第(1)项中，作者从新闻标题中的关键行业术语“联盟”着手，引出它的全称“国际联盟”(the League of Nations)，再通过联想记忆法列举出与国联有着紧密关系的“国联大会”(the Assembly of the League of Nations)、“国联理事会”(the Council of the League of Nations)和“国联盟约”(the Covenant of the League of Nations)，这种方式可以加强读者的记忆力，有效地扩大读者的行业术语词汇量。在(2)、(5)和(3)项中，作者列举了在文中需要重点学习的动词短语和介词短语，这两种短语正好是新闻英语表达惯用的遣词造句的重要形式之一，通过丰富的例句进行详细的讲解，总结其用法和特点，有利于读者的理解和掌握。在第(4)项中，作者对表示时间的缩略语给予了解释，并由“本月”(inst.)自然而然地举出了“下月”(prox.)和“前月”(ult.)的缩略语及其全称。缩略语是现代英语报刊中主要的构词手段之一，它不仅具有造词简练、使用简便的特点，且具有很强的生命力。作者已经意识到了缩略语是报刊英语中的一个重要语言现象，并给予了关注，而缩略语往往不被读者所理解，因此对此做出解释是完全有必要的。在第(6)项中，作者特意讲解了政治术语authority的单复数意义不尽相同，这种现象在英语报刊中经常出现，为了加深读者对这一重要语法现象的理解，又刻意举出若干例子进行说明。⑤

此书讲解新闻英语的风格还有一大亮点，就是在每一类新闻英语讲解完毕之后，作者会对在当时的每一类英文报刊新闻中出现频率较高的专业词汇和短语做以归类和总结。现在以政治类英语新闻为例进行说明。“政治记事之单语与短句”共分为五大类，第1类为“一般”单语与短语，主要涉及与政府、政治体制、政治主义相关的词汇，达35个之多。第2类为“政党”单语与短语，其词汇量共计11个。第3类为“选举”单语与短语，其词汇量总共有35个。第4类为“议会”单语与短语，其词汇量竟然多达66个。第5类为“中国国民政府各院部”单语与短语，其数量是16个。总之，上述的政治类英语术语涉及面广泛，举例丰富，翻译精确，就是对于当今阅读英语报刊的读者而言，仍具有相当高的参考价值。新闻报道涉及各行各业，各行各业都有一些惯用词语，约定俗成。由于近代传播技术的逐渐提高，原来意义上的“行话”又常常会在社会的其他领域流行，从而加快了语言的更新和发展。而新闻作为反映变化中的世界的“晴雨表”，自然会最敏感地反映这些变化。这些行业用语的语义变异与语义增值往往最先出现在反应敏感的报刊上，成为新的语言资源，比如上述第3类中提到的“is defeated”这一短语，这本来是一个军事、体育用语，意思为“战败、被击败”，后被引入到政治领域中，意思为“落选”。作者几乎在书中的每一大类新闻英语讲解结束后，都要在其总结的专业类术语中对上面所举例探讨的特殊“行话”给予特别的关注和解释，这充分说明了作者已经意识到了这些“行话”来源的特殊性，这是阅读英语报刊的难点，如果不进行解释，读者很难通过其他途径查询，这势必会阻碍阅读进程。

语言资源的扩大还有一个极其重要的途径，那就是，近代以来世界上发生的巨大的变化，特别是政治、科技、经济、教育等领域的快速发展，也引起了英语词汇表达的更新、变迁和发展，从而新生了大量行业用语或表达，它们也常常最先出现在反应敏感的报刊上，首先值得一提的是作者不惜笔墨详细地分类列举了各国的议会机构名称。在近代政治民主化的进程中，东西方国家、西方国家之间的历史和国情也不尽相同，因此构成国会的成员和国会机构表达的内涵都不尽相同，这些差异最先被反应敏捷的报刊新闻所捕捉到，虽然其汉语的翻译大致相同，但其英语表达方式却有较大差异，那么读者自然对这一现象倍感困惑，因此对其进行分类和整理是非常有必要的。

其次，在第1类中提到的“party out of power(反对党、在野党)，by-election(补缺选举)”和“electorate(选举人〈全体〉)”，等等，它们都是在近代政治体制民主化进程中出现的新词语，其构词也很有特点，前者是合成词，后者是派生词，这也是新闻英语词汇构成的重要特征。

还有，“五院”制度在世界政治制度史上是一个首创，是中国所独有的，它有着独特的内涵，因此在第5类中所列举的“五院”院长的表达有着独特的新闻英语特点，分别是：President of Executive Yuan(行政院院长)，President of Control Yuan(监察院院长)，President of Legislative Yuan(立法院院长)，President of Examination Yuan(考试院院长)，President of Judiciary Yuan(司法院院长)。“英语复合词+汉语拼音”表示独特的中国新闻英语，这也彰显了新闻英语词汇的一个重要特征。⑥

经过以上两种途径产生的新术语在相当长的时段内都很难进入普通的英语类词典，尤其是在中国出版的词典，原因是词典收录的词语必须是经过长期实践检验而被一般公众理解和接受了的，因此，某些词汇往往无处可查，显而易见，作者进行这样的专门归类和总结对于读者了解和掌握英语新闻词汇、提高阅读效率是十分有必要的，也是大有裨益的。

结语

《英文报阅读举隅》的出版距今已有近80个年头，如果用现在的学术视野去审视这部中国近代探讨报刊英语的开山之作，尽管它看起来那么不成熟、那么不完善，甚至可以用“稚嫩”去形容和描述，不足点有很多，例如，这部著作所收编的英语报刊阅读材料仅仅涉及了最基本的消息报道和广告等，至于其他类型的体裁，诸如特写文章、新闻评论、小品文等等，均没有被提及;作者主要从英语词汇的层面讲解报刊英语的特点，而且讲解的方式主要是通过举例和翻译来完成的，缺乏对报刊英语特点进行系统性、规律性、理论性的归纳和总结;对于报刊英语的语法特征讲解较少，修辞手段特点几乎没有涉及，对于能够彰显英语报刊新闻特色的标题语言的讲解则完全没有涉及，但是我们评价任何一件历史事件、历史人物，根据已掌握的文献资料，都应该穿越时空的隧道，使它尽可能返回它所赖以存在的历史语境，从其独特的历史语境中出发，对此历史图景做一解读、阐释和评价，而不应该以现在的学术标准来衡量其是非得失，这才是符合历史唯物主义的观点，只有这样，我们才能对已发生的历史图景作出较为客观、较为公允的评判。从这样的立场和角度来看，这部中国近代探究报刊英语的处女之作，它在一些层面所做出的尝试在学理上具有开拓性的意义，这些至今仍被后辈的学术著作所传承。任何一门学科都要经历从萌芽，到发展，再到完善成熟的阶段，至于上述提到的诸多不足和缺点正好说明了国人对于报刊英语的研究还处于萌芽状态，研究者当然会从最直观的新闻材料的类别、选材的倾向性和新闻英语词汇等层面入手。具有重要意义的是，这部著作的问世标志着我国外语界已经开始涉足这块值得开发的处女地。任何一门学科都有自己的学科史，只有探寻它的过去，才能理解和把握它的现在，更好地推测它的未来。

这部著作的学术价值并不仅仅局限于其自身的学科建设，书中援引的新闻实例全部来自于中西方主流权威媒体，选材广泛，题材多样，语言表达简练，遣词造句规范，文笔流畅，颇具代表性，这就为后人研究民国时期报刊英语的特点提供了翔实可靠的第一手资料，无异于为我们创建了一个真实的英语报刊新闻语料库，这个特殊的语料库对在特殊的时段内，开展个案研究极具学术价值;而且此书收编的新闻报道所涉及的时间范围都在1931年5月至1932年5月期间，这一阶段在中华民国的历史上占据着非同寻常的地位。除了原始档案资料以外，中外主流权威媒体所记载的新闻报道可以作为有力的佐证，共同见证这段难忘的历史岁月。

注 释：

①北京图书馆编：“外国语——英语”，《民国时期总书目——语言文字分册(1911—1949)》，书目文献出版社，1986年版。

②~⑥陈希周：《英文报阅读举隅》(A Guide of the Study of Journalistic English)，开明书店，中华民国廿二年版。

参考文献：

1.丁伟：《马礼逊教育会学校英语教学历史研究》，《澳门理工学报》，2008(3)。

2.周振鹤：《晚清营业书目》，上海书店出版社，2005年版。

3.徐晓庆：《新闻英语汉译探索》，山东师范大学硕士论文，2003年4月，中国知网优秀硕士论文。

4.刘威：《试评〈新闻英语与翻译〉》，《外国语言文学研究》，2006(2)。

5.张建：《报刊英语研究》，上海外语教育出版社，2007年版。

(作者为浙江大学人文学院历史系2010级博士生)

编校：张红玲

作者：丁伟

第2篇：北京工业大学学院中英文介绍

学校简介

北京工业大学是一所国家“211工程”重点建设的多科性的市属重点大学，2003年教育部本科教学被评为优秀。2008年奥运会羽毛球暨艺术体操比赛将在建设中的北京工业大学体育馆举行。学校下设16个学院，44个本科专业。有8个一级学科博士学位授予点，37个二级学科博士学位授予点，9个博士后科研流动站，80个硕士学位授予点，14个工程硕士授权培养领域。有2个国家级重点学科，8个北京市重点学科，11个北京市重点建设学科。现有全日制在校生16000余人。学校在教育、科研与学术方面与美国、英国、德国、日本、加拿大、俄罗斯等国家和地区近百所大学、科研机构和企业建立了合作和联系。

Brief Introduction

Beijing University of Technology, ranked as one of the 100 key universities for the 21st century, is a university under theadministration of the Beijing municipal government, which has established a multi-disciplinary academic structure. And ithas built the badminton stadium and rhythmic gymnastics stadium for the 2008 Olympic Games on campus. The universityhas established 16 colleges, which offer 44 Bachelor’s Degree programs, 80 Master’s programs, 14 Engineering Master’sDegree programs, 45 Doctor’s Degree programs and 9 postdoctoral research stations, among which there are 2 national, 8municipal and 11 being-established key subjects. Currently there are more than 16,000 students. At the same time, it hasestablished cooperation and contact with nearly a hundred universities, research agencies and enterprises from manycountries, such as US, UK, Germany, Japan, Canada, Russia and etc.艺术设计学院

北京工业大学艺术设计学院1958年创建。学院坐落在“中国艺术研究院”和“中国现代文学馆”之间，拥有独特的育人氛围和人文环境，教师来自国内、国际著名学府和专业机构，为国内外培养了数十位国家级工艺美术大师和大量的艺术设计人才，在国内外艺术和设计活动中获得了丰富的奖项。学院的办学宗旨是：“一切为了学生的就业，一切为了学生的事业发展”。衡量一所学院的好坏，标准是看它的毕业生进入社会主流的比例到底有多大。欢迎大家来此网站浏览我院的基本风貌。

Art and Design College

College of art and design of BJUT was founded in 1958. It is located between Chinese National Academy of Arts andNational Museum of Modern Chinese Literature, which area has a unique atmosphere of education and culture. The teachingstaff of the college come from famous schools and professional agencies, who have cultivated tens of masters of art anddesign home and abroad and have won lots of prizes in national and international art and design activities. The tenet of ourcollege is “All for students’ employment and all for students’ career development”. The standard to weigh a college istoseewhat percentage of its graduates enters the main streams of the society. Welcome to our website.

第3篇：北京故宫英文导游辞

FORBIDDEN CITY(紫禁城) (In front of the meridian gate)

Ladies and Gentlemen:

I am pleased to serve as your guide today.

This is the palace museum; also know as the purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406. It took 14years to build the Forbidden City. The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi. For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy.

It is believed that the palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng (purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star). The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace. Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. In folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the Hanghu pass. Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. The word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.

The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.

The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. It has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters .A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex. Octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Military prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Gate of military prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate )to the west ,the Donghua (Eastern Flowery Gate) to the east.

Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City. A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount pan in Jixian County in Hebei province. Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei province. paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China. Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong province .Timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.

The structure in front of us is the Meridian Gate. It is the main entrance to the forbidden City. It is also knows as Wufenglou(Five-phoenix Tower). Ming emperors held lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese lunar year in hornor of their counties .They also used this place for punishing officals by flogging them with sticks.

Qing emperors used this building to announce the beginning of the new year. Qing Emperor Qianglong changed the original name of this announcement ceremony from ban li(announcement of calendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon )to avoid coincidental association with another Emperor` s name, Hongli, which was considered a taboo at that time. Qing Dynasty emperors also used this place to hold audience and for other important ceremonies. For example,when the imperial army returned victoriously from the battlefield ,it was here that the Emperor presided over the ceremony to accept prisoners of war.

(After entering the Meridian Gate and standing in front of the Five Marble Bridges on Golden Water River)

now we are inside the Forbidden City.Before we start our tour, I would like to briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns befour us .To complete this solemn, magnificent and palatial complex, a variety of buildings were arranged on a north-south axis, and 8-kilometer-long invisible line that has become an inseparable part of the City of Beijing. The Forbidden City covers roughly one –third of this central axis. Most of the important building in the Forbidden City weree arranged along this line. The design and arrangement of the palaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal court and rigidly –stratified feudal system.

The Forbidden City is divided into an outer and an inner count.We are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count. In front of us lies the Gate of supreme Harmony .The gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions ,symbolizing imperial power and dignity. The lions were the most exquisite and biggest of its kind. The one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity. The other one is a female. Underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession. The winding brook before us is the Golden Water River. It functions both as decoration and fire control .The five bridges spanning the river represent the five virtues preached by Confucius :benevolence, righteousness, rites, intellence and fidelity. The river takes the shape of a bow and the north-south axis is its arrow. This was meant to show that the Emperors ruled the country on behalf of God.

(In front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony)

The Forbidden City consists of an outer countyard and an inner enclosure. The out count yard covers a vast space lying between the Meridian Gate and the Gate of Heavenly purity. The “three big halls” of Supreme Harmony, Complete Harmony and preserving Harmony constitute the center of this building group. Flanking them in bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: Wenhua (prominent Scholars) and Wuying (Brave Warriors) . The three great halls are built on a spacious “H”-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, Each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs. There are three carved stone staircases linking the three architectures .The hall of supreme Harmony is also the tallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all of China. From the palace of Heavenly purith northward is what is known as the inner court, which is also built in bilaterally symmetrical patterns. In the center are the palace of Heavenly purity, the Hall of Union and peace and palace of Earthly Tranquility, a place where the Emperors lived with their families and attended to state affairs. Flanking these structures are palaces and halls in which concubines and princes lived. There are also three botanical gardens within the inner count, namely, the imperial Garden, Caning garden and Quailing garden. An inner Golden Water River flows eastwardly within the inner court. The brook winds through three minor halls or palaces and leads out of the Forbidden City. It is spanned by the White Jade Bridge. The river is lined with winding, marble –carved balustrades. Most of the structures within the Forbidden City have yellow glazed tile roofs.

Aside from giving prominence to the north-south axis, other architectural methods were applied to make every group of palatial structures unique in terms of terraces, roofs, mythical monsters perching on the roofs and colored, drawing patterns. With these, the grand contour and different hierarchic spectrum of the complex were strengthened. Folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999 room-units in the Forbidden City. Since paradise only has 10,000 rooms, the Son of Heaven on earth cut the number by half a room. It is also rumoured that this half –room is located to the west of the Wenyuange pavilion (imperial library). As a matter of fact, although the Forbidden City has more than 9,000 room-units, this half-room is nonexistent .The Wenyuange pavilion is a library where “Si Ku Quan Shu”- China `s first comprehensive anthology-was stored.

(In front of the hall f preserving Harmony)

this is the Hall of preserving Harmony. During the Qing Dynasty, banquets were held here on New Year` s eve in honour of Mongolian and Northwestern China` s xingjiang princes and ranking officials. The Emperor also dinned here with his new son-in-law on the wedding day. Imperial examinations were also held here once every three years. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were three levels of exams: the county and prefectural level, the provincial level and national level. The national exam was presided over by the emperor. The civil service exam in ancient China started during the Han Dynasty. It served the purpose of recruiting Confucian scholars to the ministers and high officials. During the Tang and Qing dynasties reinstituted and ancient system. Once every three years, three hundred scholars from all over the country came to Beijing and took exams for three day and night. This system was abolished in 1905.

(Behind the hall of preserving harmony)

this is the largest stone carving in the palace . It is 16.73 meters long, 3.07 meters wide and 1.7 meters thick .It weighs about 200 tons. The block was quarried in Fangshan County, roughly 70 kilometers away. To transport such a huge block to Beijing, laborers dug wells along the roadside half a kilometer apart, and used the groundwater to make a road of ice in the winter. Rolling blocks were used in the summer. In 1760, Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty ordered the carving of the existing cloud and dragon design in place of the old one which dated back to the Ming Dynasty.

Note : From here, the tour can be conducted via three different routes: a western route(Route A), a central route (Route B) or an eastern route (Route C) .The commentary for each follows.

Route A

Ladies and Gentlemen:

You have seen the three main halls of the Forbidden City. Now I ` d like to show you around the hall of mental cultivation and the imperial garden . The hall of mental cultivation is situated is in the western part of the innermost enclosure and is symmetrical to Fengxian (enshrinement of forebears) Hall in the east. This hall was built during the Ming Dynasty. IT is a H-shaped structure consisting of an antechamber and a main building .The hall is surrounded by corridors. In front of the hall is the Office of privy Council.

Before Emperor Kangxi of Qing the Dynasty came to power the Hall of Heavenly purity served as the living quarter of the emperors. Emperor Yongzheng chose to live in this hall and attended to every day state affairs from here .For the sake of protecting cultural relics, this hall is not open to the public .You can have a look at the inside from the door. The central hall was the audience chamber where the emperor read memorials, granted audience to officials and summoned his minsters for consultation. The western chamber of the hall was where the emperor read reports and discussed military and political affairs. The hall consists of many inner rooms and is decorated with images of Buddha and miniature pagodas. On the screen wall there hangs a picture of two emperors in the Han costume. In a southern room there three rare calligraphic scrolls, hence the name of the room “Sanxitang” (Room of Three Rare Treasures) . The room on the eastern side is of historical interst because it was here that Empress Dowager Cixi usurped power and made decisions on behalf of the young emperor . A bamboo curtain was used to separate them .

Empress Dowage Cixi was born in 1835 in Lu` an prefecture of shanxi province. She` s of Manchurian nationality and her father was a provincial governor from south China. When she was 17 years old ,she was selected to become a concubine of Emperor Xianfeng and moved into the Forbidden City. She gave birth to a son when she was 21years old and was made a concubine the following year. When the emperor passed away in the summer of 1861, her son ascended the throne and title of Cixi, meaning “Holy Mother” was conferred upon her and she became the Empress Dowager. In that same year Empress Dowager Cixi carried out a count coup d` etat and ruled behind the scenes with another empress dowager, Ci` an, for 48 years. She passed away in 1908 at the age of 73. It was in reference to this situation that the term “attending to state affairs behind a bamboo curtain” developed .In 1912 , Empress dowager Longyu declared the abdication of the last Qing emperor puyi. They were allowed to remain in the Forbidden City for the next 13 years .The royal family was forced to move out permanently in 1924.

Behind the central hall were the living accommodation of 8 successive Qing emperors .Three of them actually passed away here. The side rooms flanking the hall were reserved for empresses and concubines. Now let` s continue with our tour. It will take us to the Hall of heavenly purity , the hall of union and peace ,the palace of earthly tranquility, and the imperial garden.

Route B

(Inside the Hall of heavenly purity)

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We are now entering the inner court. From the Gate of Heavenly purity northward lies the inner court where the emperors and empresses once lived .The Hall of heavenly purity is the central hall of the inner court ,and was completed during the Reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty. There are 10 pillars supporting the entire structure and the hall is 20 meters in height .In the center of the hall there a throne. Above it hangs a plaque with an inscription that reads “Be open and above-board,” written by Shenzhi,the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Beginning with Qianlong` s reign, the name of the successor to the throne was not publicly announced .instead, it was written on two pieces of paper, one to be kept on the emperor` s person throughout his reign, and the other placed in a small strongbox that was stored behind his plaque. The box was opened only after the emperor passed away. Altogether there where 4 emperors who ascended the throne in this way, namely Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daohuang and Xian feng.

The hall of heavenly purity was where the emperors lived during the Ming and Qing dynasties. According to tradition ,extravagant annual banquets were held here on New Year` s Eve in honour of royal family members. Foreign ambassadors were received here during the late-Qing period. Two important “one thousand old men` s feasts” of the Qing Dynasty were also held here. All the invitees had to be at least 65 years of age.

This hall was also used for mourning services.

(Inside the palace of Union and peace)

this hall sits between the Hall of heavenly purity and the palace of Earthly Tranquility, symbolizing the union of heaven and earth ,as well as national peace .It was first built in 1420 and reconstructed in 1798. The hall is square in shape ,and is smaller than the Hall of complete Harmony .You will see a plaque here inscribed with two Chinese characters, wu wei, which were handwritten by Emperor Qianglong. A throne sits in the middle of the hall with a screen behind it .Above the throne there hangs a caisson ,or covered ceiling. The emperor held birthday celebrations and other major events here.

In 1748 during Emperor Qianlong` s reign, 25 jade seals representing imperial authority were kept in this hall .No seals were allowed out of the room without the prior consent of the emperor. On each flack there is a water clock and a chiming clock.

(Inside the palace of earthly tranquility)

This used to be the central hall where successive Ming empresses lived. During the Qing dynasty, it was converted into a place where sacrifices and wedding ceremonies were held .The room on the western side was used for sacrifices and the room on the east was the seeding chamber.

Route C

Ladies and Gentlemen:

You have seen the three main halls of the Forbidden City. Now I` d like to show you around scenes of interest along the eastern route. The first is the Treasure Hall. This mansion is called the Hall of Imperial Zenith. This is where Sing Emperor Quailing lived after abdication. Nearly 1,000 artifacts and treasures are on display here, among which the Golden Hair Tower is one of the most famous. This tower is 1.53meters in height and its base is 0.53 meters in circumference .It was built under the order of Emperor Quailing to be used to collect fallen hair in commemoration of his mother. There is also a “Day harnessing Water Jade Hill ” on display here. Yu was a legendary monarch of the remote Ixia dynasty. Under his leadership, the people learned how to harness the Yellow River. This jade assemblage, 224 centimeters in height and 5 tons in weight, is the largest jade artwork in China. This mat was woven with peeled ivory. These artifacts are among China` s rarest treasures.

(In front of the Nine-Dragon Screen)

this is the Nine-Dragon Relief Screen .Erected in 1773,it is 3.5 meters in height and 29.4 meters in width. Underneath is a foundation made of marble .The surface of the screen is laid with a total of 270 colored, glazed tiles in the design of 9 dragons ,some rocky mountains ,clouds and the sea. It was meant to ward off evil spirits The ancient Chinese regarded 9 dragons, some rocky mountains, clouds and the sea. It was meant to ward off evil spirits .The ancient Chinese regarded 9 as the largest numeral and the dragon as a auspicious beast .The 9 dragons are different in color and posture and all are made of glazed tiles. Interestingly a piece of the third dragon from the left is made of wood. It is believe that when the Nine-dragon Screen was almost finished ,a piece of glazed tile was damaged .Emperor Qianlong was scheduled to inspect the work the following day .Using quick wits, the craftsman in question molded the missing piece with clay and sailed through the imperial inspection. Later ,he asked a carpenter to carve a wooden one to replace the one made of clay.

(Approaching the Imperial Garden)

Behind the palace of Earthly Tranquility and trading the north-south axis is the imperial Garden. There are old trees, rare flowers and exotic rock formation in this garden .It cover a space of 11,700 square meters, or roughly 1.7 percent of the Forbidden City. Most of the structures in the garden are symmetrically arranged . However, each is different in terms of parrern and decoration. Woods clumps of bamboo screen off the garden and strengthens its deep and serene atmosphere.

There main structure of the Imperial Garden is the Qin` an Hall. positioned in the central-northern part of the garden ,this hall is flanked by other halls and pavilions on the east and west. The hall sits on a marble pedestal. The Taoist deity of Zhenwu is enshrined here and emperor would pay homage here a quarterly basis. Taoist rites were held during the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. In front of the hall there is a cypress that is 400 years old .In all there are a dozen such rare trees in the garden, and most of them are cypresses or pines. To the northwest of the hall , there is the Yanhui(Sustaining Sunshine) pavilion and to the northeast there lies the Duixiu (Accumulated Refinement )Hill. This Hill was built over the foundation of the long- pershed Guanhua (Admiring Flowers) Hall of the Ming Dynasty. It is 14 meters in height and made of al kinds of rocks quarried in jiang su province. At its base stand two nstone lions, each carrying a dragon shooting water 10 meters up into the air from its mouth. There are meandering paths leading to the hilltop. At the top of Duixiu Hill sits the Yujing (Imperial Viewing)pavilion. Traditionally, On the day of the Double Ninth Festival (the ninth day of the ninth lunar month ), the emperor ,his consort, and his concubines would climb up to Yujing pavilion to enjoy the scenery.

At the southeastern corner of the Garden is Jiangxue(Crimson Snowy) Verandah. Nearby to the southwest lies Yangxing Study (study of the cultivation of nature) .The yangxing study was used as a royal library during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, puyi once studied English there. In front of the Jiangxue Verandah some Chinese flowering crabapples grow. The structure got its name from the crabapples who blossoms trun from crimson to snowy white. In front of the Verandah, there grows a rare flower that was brought from henna province under the order of Empress dowager Cixi. In the northest is Chizao Tang (Hall of Using Flowery Language), once used as a library where rare books were stored.

There are also specific pavilions symbolizing the four seasons .The halls of Wanchun and Qianqiu ,representing spring and autumn respectively ,are square in shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shaped ridges. The halls of Chengrui and Fubi,dedecated to winter and summer, are characterized by two verandahs and bridges at their bases .paths were paved with colorful pebbles and arranged in 900 different designs.

The Imperial Garden can be accessed through the Qiong yuan (Jade Garden )West gate or the qiong yuan east gate. A third gate, the shunzhen(Obedience and Fidelity)Gate, opens to the north. Its doors are laid in glazed tiles and it was only used by the empress or concubines.

As our tour of the Forbidden City draws to a close, I hope that I have helped you understand why the palace is a treasure of China and one of the cultural relics of the world. It is under the strict protection of the Chinese government. Since 1949 when the people` s Rupublic of China was founded, nearly one trillion RMB was spent on its restoration and refurbishment. The Forbidden City has undergone four major facelifts to date. Each year, the government earmarks a large sum to gather, sort and study cultural relics. The palace now contains a total of 930,000cultural relics. Well, so much for today .Let` s go to reboard the coach. Thank you !

The end

Feb.25th, 2003

Collecting and Typing by foreverlydia

第4篇：北京故宫英文导游辞

北京-故宫英文导游词-导游英语 forbidden city(紫禁城) (in front of the meridian gate) ladies and gentlemen: i am pleased to serve as your guide today. this is the palace museum; also know as the purple forbidden city. it is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in china today. under ming emperor yongle, construction began in 1406. it took 14year

北京故宫英语导游词 ladies and gentlemen: i am pleased to serve as your guide today. this is the palace museum; also know as the purple forbidden city. it is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in china today. under ming emperor yongle, construction began in 1406. it took 14years to build the forbidden city. the first ruler who actually lived here was ming emperor zhudi. for five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when qing emperor puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .in 1987, the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization recognized the forbidden city was a world cultural legacy. it is believed that the palace museum, or zi jin cheng (purple forbidden city), got its name from astronomy folklore, the ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the ziwei yuan(north star). the constellation containing the north star was called the constellation of heavenly god and star itself was called the purple palace. because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. in folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, laozi, to the hanghu pass. here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. the word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people. the red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. yellow is the color of the earth on the loess plateau, the original home of the chinese people. yellow became an imperial color during the tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture. gate(western flowery gate )to the west ,the donghua (eastern flowery gate) to the east.篇三：北京故宫英文导游词

北京故宫

女士们、先生们，

欢迎大家来到北京，北京是中国的首都，也是我国的四大古都之一。2008年奥运会的成功举办更使这座古老的城市为许多外国朋友所熟知。大家稍作休息，请允许我自我介绍一下。我是大家北京之行的地接导游员我的名字叫温辉辉，那在我身边的这位是我们的司机张师傅。我们将会竭尽全力为大家提供最优质的服务。像我一样热情好客的北京人将以他们最热情的方式欢迎世界各地发朋友来到北京。在北京期间我们将游览故宫、长城、颐和园等景点。希望古老而又时尚的北京会给大家留下一段美好的回忆。

在北京我们游览的第一个景点就是故宫。提起故宫大家首先会想到它是中国皇帝居住过的地方。 但故宫的价值可不仅仅在于此。它更是我们中国历史、中国文化以及中国建筑的一个缩影。

故宫位于北京城的中心，是明清两朝的皇宫。它是世界上显存最大、最完整的宫殿建筑群。至今约有六百年的历史，先后有24位皇帝在这里统治全国近500年。故宫又名紫禁城，那是因为在封建社会皇帝拥有最高的权利因此这个地方是禁止一般人进出。紫色是象征这北极星的颜色，这被认为是宇宙的中心 所以又名紫禁城。

紫禁城的建筑布局是对称的分为前朝和内廷。前朝以太和、中和、保和三大殿为主体是举行大殿、朝贺、筵宴行使权力的地方。其中太和殿是故宫中规模最大等级最高的建筑。皇帝登基及册立皇后等重大仪式都在此举行。内廷以乾清宫、交太殿和坤宁宫为主体，是皇帝的寝宫和处理日常政务的地方。坤宁宫以北是御花园，是皇帝及其家人

游玩的地方。

现在我要问大家一个问题，故宫的房间是九千九百九十九间半吗? 传说天宫的房间是一万间，人间的皇帝作为天帝的儿子，皇宫自然不能超过天宫，于是故宫便造了九千九百九十九间半。其实古代建筑是以“四柱一间”为标准的。经过古建筑专家实地调查统计，故宫所有的房间数量是8707，并非传说所言。

俗话说百闻不如一见，带着您满心的好奇让我们走进故宫，让我们感悟中国文化感受中国帝王的兴衰历史。

第5篇：英文演讲稿：北京精神

Beijing College Students and Beijing Spirits A country needs a great national spirit to guide and inspire its people,.so does a city. City spirit is the soul of a city. It is the comprehensive reflection of civilization and moral ideal; the accurate refining of will and cultural characteristics , as well as a sublimation of life belief and the rea

Patriotism，represents a faithful heart..

being the core of Beijing spirit ,it reflects the duty of the people esp.in beijing. The strong patriotic passion had been shown in countless events.such as the may fourth movement, the lugouqiao incident, Beijing Olympic Games, wenchuan earthquake and so on. Whenever things happen, Beijing college students are always act as the pioneers.

Innovation represents a creative heart

Innovation is the soul of a nation, also is the inexhaustible motive force for a prosperous city.

Inclusiveness represents a generous heart.

Just as yu Dan said, as the highest form of urban consciousness, inclusiveness is one of the most remakable characteristics of Beijing. It should be used as the way when we think and act.

As for the virtue, I falied to come up with a exact word to describe it because it has a profound and complex connotation.

Virtue means good qualities, like benevolence ,righteousness, propriety wisdom, trustworthiness and so on. Been built more than 3000 years, Beijing has been the capital city of nearly 1000 years and also people here inherit good traditions. And in my point of view, virtue does not means that it is enough for one to pay attention to his own moral cultivation, but also he should has a sense of responsibility to the society and country .

Beijing college students represent the well educated generation of china and it is crucial for them live up to the Beijing spirit.

As one of the students I found it easy to live up to “”Beijing spirit” in that it just lies in small things in our daily life.

Always showing respect to our own country when we chat with foreign friends, we live up to the spirit of Patriotism.

Be brave in breaking the routine and have a creative mind we live up to the s of Less complain and more smile when your schoolmates bothers you ,we live up to

be helpful to others ,we …

爱国，以使人成人;创新，以使人成才;包容，以使人成长;厚德，以使人成熟。

第6篇：个人介绍 自我介绍 英文

Personal Introduction

Good morning, Ms Wu. I am glad to be here for this introduction about myself.

My name is Zhang Song, 22. I come from Dazhou City of Sichuan Province. Yes, I was born there which left the memory of my whole childhood and youth.

I’m thinking about a question all the time. Whether I have a serious face what make it difficult to close. But it is not true. And I find way to correct it by smiling more. So, you can easily guess that I’m a quite boy but I also have so many friends.

About my hobbies, I like singing and surfing on the Internet. What I really hate is PE Sport. Maybe it’s not a good habit and I also realize this situation. Thus, I hardly fall into indoosman gens.

Finally, I want to share my dream what to be a singing star one day. Thanks!

第7篇：北京-故宫英文导游词必备学习

美式论文、报告写作技巧

编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文(含毕业论文)等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。

美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。

通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成;而这三大部分各自内容如下：

(一) 篇首：

封面(Title) 序言(Preface)

谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary)

目录(Tables and Appendixes)

(二) 本文：

引言(Introduction)

主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes)

(三)参考资料：

参考书目(References or Bibliography)

附录资料(Appendix)。

进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者：

一.研究的方向

二.研究的范围

三.资料搜集的范围

四.预期研究成果

通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或 1 研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。

就算是小报告，也至少应含

(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期

(二)Summary： 即主要的结论

(三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容

(四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。

(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论

(六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项

美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。

论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。

北京-故宫英文导游词-导游英语

FORBIDDEN CITY(紫禁城) (In front of the meridian gate) Ladies and Gentlemen: I am pleased to serve as your guide today. This is the palace museum; also know as the Purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406. It took 14years to build the Forbidden City. The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi. For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy. It is believed that the Palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng (Purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star). The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace. Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. In folklore, the term ‖an eastern purple cloud is drifting‖ became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was

2 seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the Hanghu Pass. Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. The word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people. The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. Red represents Happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original Home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture. The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. It has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters .A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex. Octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Gate of military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate )to the west ,the Donghua (Eastern Flowery Gate) to the east.

Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City. A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County in Hebei Province. Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province. Paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China. Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province .Timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.

The structure in front of us is the Meridian Gate. It is the main entrance to the forbidden City. It is also knows as Wufenglou(Five-Phoenix Tower). Ming emperors held lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese lunar year in hornor of their counties .They also used this place for punishing officals by flogging them with sticks. Qing emperors used this building to announce the beginning of the new year. Qing Emperor Qianglong changed the original name of this announcement ceremony from ban li(announcement of calendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon )to avoid coincidental association with another Emperor` s name, Hongli, which was considered a taboo at that time. Qing Dynasty emperors also used this place to hold audience and for other important ceremonies. For example,when the imperial army returned victoriously from the battlefield ,it was here that the Emperor presided over the ceremony to accept prisoners of war. (After entering the Meridian Gate and standing in front of the Five Marble Bridges on Golden Water River) now we are inside the Forbidden City.Before we start our tour, I would like to briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns befour us .To complete this solemn, magnificent and palatial complex, a variety of buildings were arranged on a north-south axis, and 8-kilometer-long invisible line that has become an inseparable part of the City of Beijing. The Forbidden City covers roughly one –third of this central axis. Most of the important building in the Forbidden City weree arranged along this line. The design and arrangement of the palaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal court and rigidly –stratified feudal system. The Forbidden City is divided into an outer and an inner count.We are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count. In front of us lies the Gate of supreme Harmony .The gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions ,symbolizing imperial power and dignity. The lions were the most

3 exquisite and biggest of its kind. The one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity. The other one is a female. Underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession. The winding brook before us is the Golden Water River. It functions both as decoration and fire control .The five bridges spanning the river represent the five virtues preached by Confucius :benevolence, righteousness, rites, intellence and fidelity. The river takes the shape of a bow and the north-south axis is its arrow. This was meant to show that the Emperors ruled the country on behalf of God. (In front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony) The Forbidden City consists of an outer countyard and an inner enclosure. The out count yard covers a vast space lying between the Meridian Gate and the Gate of Heavenly Purity. The ―three big halls‖ of Supreme Harmony, Complete Harmony and Preserving Harmony constitute the center of this building group. Flanking them in bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: Wenhua (Prominent Scholars) and Wuying (Brave Warriors) . The three great halls are built on a spacious ―H‖-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, Each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs. There are three carved stone staircases linking the three architectures .The hall of supreme Harmony is also the tallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all of China. From the palace of Heavenly Purith northward is what is known as the inner court, which is also built in bilaterally symmetrical patterns. In the center are the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union and Peace and Palace of Earthly Tranquility, a place where the Emperors lived with their families and attended to state affairs. Flanking these structures are palaces and halls in which concubines and princes lived. There are also three botanical gardens within the inner count, namely, the imperial Garden, Caning garden and Quailing garden. An inner Golden Water River flows eastwardly within the inner court. The brook winds through three minor halls or palaces and leads out of the Forbidden City. It is spanned by the White Jade Bridge. The river is lined with winding, marble –carved balustrades. Most of the structures within the Forbidden City have yellow glazed tile roofs. Aside from giving prominence to the north-south axis, other architectural methods were applied to make every group of palatial structures unique in terms of terraces, roofs, mythical monsters perching on the roofs and colored, drawing patterns. With these, the grand contour and different hierarchic spectrum of the complex were strengthened. Folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999 room-units in the Forbidden City. Since Paradise only has 10,000 rooms, the Son of Heaven on earth cut the number by half a room. It is also rumoured that this half

–room is located to the west of the Wenyuange Pavilion (imperial library). As a matter of fact, although the Forbidden City has more than 9,000 room-units, this half-room is nonexistent .The Wenyuange Pavilion is a library where ―Si Ku Quan Shu‖- China `s first comprehensive anthology-was stored.

(After walking past the Gate of Supreme Harmony) Ladies and Gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the biggest and tallest of its king in the Forbidden City. This structure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know for its upturned, multiple counterpart eaves . The Hall of Supreme Harmony sits on a triple ―H‖-shaped marble terrace the is 8meters high and linked by staircases. The staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upper stairways each have 9.

The construction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony began in 1406. It burned down three times

4 and was severely damaged once during a mutiny. The existing architecture was built during the Qing Dynasty. On the corners of the eaves a line of animal-nails were usually fastened to the tiles. These animal-nails were later replace with mythical animals to ward off evil spirits. There are altogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall. The number nine was regarded by the ancients to be the largest numeral accessible to man and to which only the emperors were entitled.

There was a total of 24 successive emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties who were enthroned here. The ball was also used for ceremonies which marked other great occasions: the Winter Solstice, The Chinese Lunar New Year, the Emperor` s birthday, conferral of the title of empress, the announcement of new laws and policies, and dispatches of generals to war .On such occasions, the Emperor would hold audience for his court officials and receive their tributes.

This area is called the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers a total of 30,000 square meters, Without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. In the middle of the square there is a carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor. On both sides of the road the groud bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all. The purpose of this was to prevent anyone from tunneling his way into the palace. In the count yard there are iron vats for storing water to fight fires. In the whole complex there are altogher 308 water vats. In wintertime, charcoal was burned underneath the vats to keep the water from freezing .Why so vast a square? It was designed to impress people with the hall` s grandeur and vastness. Imagine the following scene. Under the clear blue sky, the yellow glazed tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled with the curling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme Harmony into a fairyland. Whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed, crane-shaped candleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pine branches burnt in front of the hall. When the Emperor appeared, drums were beaten and musical instrument played. Civilian officials and generals would kneel know in submission.

The last Qing emperor Puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three, His father carried him to the throne. At the start of the coronation, the sudden drum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared .He was so scared that he kept crying and shouting,‖I don’t want to stay here. I want to go Home.‖ His father tried to soothe him, saying, ‖It` all soon be finished .It` all soon be finished ‖The ministers present at the event considered this incident inauspicious. Coincidentally, the Qing dynasty collapsed three years later and there with concluded China `s feudal system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years. (On the stone terrace of the Hall of Supreme Harmony) This is a bronze incense burner. In it incense made of sandalwood would be burnt on important occasions. There are altogether 18 incense burners, representing all of the provinces under the rule of the Sing monarchs. On either side of the Hall, 4 bronze water-filled vats were placed in case of fire. Next to the terrace on either side, there is a bronze crane and tortoise, symbols of longevity. This copper-cast grain measure is called ‖jialiang.‖ It served as the national standard during the Qing dynasty. It was meant to show that the imperial ruler were just and open to rectification. On the other side there is a stone sundial, an ancient timepiece. The jialiang and the sundial were probably meant to show what the Emperor represented: that he was the only person who should possess the standards of both measure and time. In the very forefront of the Hall of Supreme Harmony , there are 12 scarlet , round pillars supporting the roof. The hall is 63 meters from east to west and 37 meters from north to south, It is

5 35 meters in height. In front of this architechture, there stands a triple terrace with five staircases leading up to the main entrance .It has 40 gold doors and 16 gold-key windows with colored drawings on the pillars and beams. In the middle of the hall, a throune carved with 9 dragons sits on a 2-meter-high platform. Behind the throne there is a golden screen and in front of it, there is a imperial desk . The flanks are decorated with elephants, Luduan(a legendary beast), cranes, and incense barrels. The elephant carries a vase on its back that holds five cereals(i. e. rice, two kinds of millet, wheat and beans),which was considered a symbol of prosperity. As ancient legend has it that luduan can travel 18,000 li (9,000 kilometers )in one day and knows all languages and dialects. Only to a wise adjust monarch will this beast be a guardian.

The Hall of Supreme Harmony is also popularly known as Jinluan Dian (gold bell hall or the throne hall). The floor of the hall is laid with bricks that turn it into a smooth, fine surface as if water has been sprinkled on it .The so-called golden brick, in fact, has nothing to do with gold. Reserved exclusively for the construction of the royal court, it was made in a secretive, and complex way, and, when struck, sounds like the clink of a gold bar. Each brick was worth the market price of one dan (or one hectoliter ) of rice. The hall is supported by a total of 72 thick pillars .Of these, 6 are carved in dragon patterns and painted with gold and surround the throne. Above the very center of this hall there is a zaojing, or covered ceiling, which is one of the Specialities of China `s ancient architure. In the middle of the ceiling is a design of a dragon playing with a ball inlaid with peals. This copper ball, hollow inside and covered with mercury, is known as the Xuanyuan Mirror and is thought to be made Xuanyuan, a legendary monarch dating back to remote antiquity. The placing of the caisson above the throne is meant to suggest that all of China` s successive emperors are Zuanyuan` s descendants and hereditary heirs. Now you might have noticed that the Xuanyuan mirror is not directly above the throne. Why? It is rumored that Yuan Shikai, a self-acclaimed warlord-turned emperor moved the throne further back because he was afraid that the mirror might fall on him .In 1916 when Yuan Shikai became emperor, he removed the original throne with a Western-style, high-back chair. After the foundation of the People` s Republic of China in 1949 the throne was found in a shabby furniture warehouse. It repaired and returned to the hall. (Leading the tourist to the bronze vats either on the east or the west) the water vats in front of the palaces or house were called ―menhai,‖ or sea before the door by the ancient Chinese. They believed that with a sea by the door, fire could not wreak havoc. The vats served both as a decoration and as a fire extinguisher. They were kept full of water all year round.

During the Qing Dynasty, they were altogether 308 vats in the palace enclosure. They were made of gilt bronze or iron. Of couse, the gilt bronze vats were of the best quality. When the allied forces (Britain, Germany, France, Russia, the United States, Italy, Japan and Austria) invaded Beijing in 1900 under the pretext of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion, the invadersransacked the imperial compound and scraped and gold off the vats with their bayonets. During the Japanese occupation of Beijing, many vats were trucked away by the Japanese to be made into bullets . (In front of the Hall of Complete Harmony) The square architecture before us is called the Hall of Complete Harmony. It served as an antechamber. The Emperor came here to meet with his countiers and add his final touches to the prayers which would be read at the ancestral Temple. The seeds, snowers and prayer intended for spring sowing were also examined here. The two Qing sedan chairs here on display were used for traveling within the palace during the reign of Emperor Qianlong.

6 (In front of the hall f Preserving Harmony) this is the Hall of Preserving Harmony. During the Qing Dynasty, banquets were held here on New Year` s eve in honour of Mongolian and Northwestern China` s xingjiang princes and ranking officials. The Emperor also dinned here with his new son-in-law on the wedding day. Imperial examinations were also held here once every three years. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were three levels of exams: the county and prefectural level, the provincial level and national level. The national exam was presided over by the emperor. The civil service exam in ancient China started during the Han Dynasty. It served the purpose of recruiting Confucian scholars to the ministers and high officials. During the Tang and Qing dynasties reinstituted and ancient system. Once every three years, three hundred scholars from all over the country came to Beijing and took exams for three day and night. This system was abolished in 1905. (Behind the hall of preserving harmony) this is the largest stone carving in the palace . It is 16.73 meters long, 3.07 meters wide and 1.7 meters thick .It weighs about 200 tons. The block was quarried in Fangshan County, roughly 70 kilometers away. To transport such a huge block to Beijing, laborers dug wells along the roadside half a kilometer apart, and used the groundwater to make a road of ice in the winter. Rolling blocks were used in the summer. In 1760, Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty ordered the carving of the existing cloud and dragon design in place of the old one which dated back to the Ming Dynasty. Note : From here, the tour can be conducted via three different routes: a western route(Route A), a central route (Route B) or an eastern route (Route C) .The commentary for each follows. Route A Ladies and Gentlemen: You have seen the three main halls of the Forbidden City. Now I ` d like to show you around the hall of mental cultivation and the imperial garden . The hall of mental cultivation is situated is in the western part of the innermost enclosure and is symmetrical to Fengxian (enshrinement of forebears) Hall in the east. This hall was built during the Ming Dynasty. IT is a H-shaped structure consisting of an antechamber and a main building .The hall is surrounded by corridors. In front of the hall is the Office of Privy Council.

Before Emperor Kangxi of Qing the Dynasty came to power the Hall of Heavenly Purity served as the living quarter of the emperors. Emperor Yongzheng chose to live in this hall and attended to every day state affairs from here .For the sake of protecting cultural relics, this hall is not open to the public .You can have a look at the inside from the door. The central hall was the audience chamber where the emperor read memorials, granted audience to officials and summoned his minsters for consultation. The western chamber of the hall was where the emperor read reports and discussed military and political affairs. The hall consists of many inner rooms and is decorated with images of Buddha and miniature pagodas. On the screen wall there hangs a picture of two emperors in the Han costume. In a southern room there three rare calligraphic scrolls, hence the name of the room ―Sanxitang‖ (Room of Three Rare Treasures) . The room on the eastern side is of historical interst because it was here that Empress Dowager Cixi usurped power and made decisions on behalf of the young emperor . A bamboo curtain was used to separate them . Empress Dowage Cixi was born in 1835 in Lu` an Prefecture of shanxi province. She` s of Manchurian nationality and her father was a provincial governor from south China. When she was 17 years old ,she was selected to become a concubine of Emperor Xianfeng and moved into the Forbidden City. She gave birth to a son when she was 21years old and was made a concubine the

7 following year. When the emperor passed away in the summer of 1861, her son ascended the throne and title of Cixi, meaning ―Holy Mother‖ was conferred upon her and she became the Empress Dowager. In that same year Empress Dowager Cixi carried out a count coup d` etat and ruled behind the scenes with another empress dowager, Ci` an, for 48 years. She passed away in 1908 at the age of 73. It was in reference to this situation that the term ―attending to state affairs behind a bamboo curtain‖ developed .In 1912 , Empress dowager Longyu declared the abdication of the last Qing emperor Puyi. They were allowed to remain in the Forbidden City for the next 13 years .The royal family was forced to move out permanently in 1924. Behind the central hall were the living accommodation of 8 successive Qing emperors .Three of them actually passed away here. The side rooms flanking the hall were reserved for empresses and concubines. Now let` s continue with our tour. It will take us to the Hall of heavenly purity , the hall of union and peace ,the palace of earthly tranquility, and the imperial garden. Route B (Inside the Hall of heavenly Purity) Ladies and Gentlemen: We are now entering the inner court. From the Gate of Heavenly Purity northward lies the inner court where the emperors and empresses once lived .The Hall of heavenly Purity is the central hall of the inner court ,and was completed during the Reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty. There are 10 pillars supporting the entire structure and the hall is 20 meters in height .In the center of the hall there a throne. Above it hangs a plaque with an inscription that reads ―Be open and above-board,‖ written by Shenzhi,the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Beginning with Qianlong` s reign, the name of the successor to the throne was not publicly announced .instead, it was written on two pieces of paper, one to be kept on the emperor` s person throughout his reign, and the other placed in a small strongbox that was stored behind his plaque. The box was opened only after the emperor passed away. Altogether there where 4 emperors who ascended the throne in this way, namely Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daohuang and Xian feng. The hall of heavenly purity was where the emperors lived during the Ming and Qing dynasties. According to tradition ,extravagant annual banquets were held here on New Year` s Eve in honour of royal family members. Foreign ambassadors were received here during the late-Qing period. Two important ―one thousand old men` s feasts‖ of the Qing Dynasty were also held here. All the invitees had to be at least 65 years of age.This hall was also used for mourning services. (Inside the Palace of Union and Peace) this hall sits between the Hall of heavenly Purity and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility, symbolizing the union of heaven and earth ,as well as national peace .It was first built in 1420 and reconstructed in 1798. The hall is square in shape ,and is smaller than the Hall of complete Harmony .You will see a plaque here inscribed with two Chinese characters, wu wei, which were handwritten by Emperor Qianglong. A throne sits in the middle of the hall with a screen behind it .Above the throne there hangs a caisson ,or covered ceiling. The emperor held birthday celebrations and other major events here. In 1748 during Emperor Qianlong` s reign, 25 jade seals representing imperial authority were kept in this hall .No seals were allowed out of the room without the prior consent of the emperor. On each flack there is a water clock and a chiming clock. (Inside the palace of earthly tranquility) This used to be the central hall where successive Ming empresses lived. During the Qing dynasty,

8 it was converted into a place where sacrifices and wedding ceremonies were held .The room on the western side was used for sacrifices and the room on the east was the seeding chamber. Route C Ladies and Gentlemen: You have seen the three main halls of the Forbidden City. Now I` d like to show you around scenes of interest along the eastern route. The first is the Treasure Hall. This mansion is called the Hall of Imperial Zenith. This is where Sing Emperor Quailing lived after abdication. Nearly 1,000 artifacts and treasures are on display here, among which the Golden Hair Tower is one of the most famous. This tower is 1.53meters in height and its base is 0.53 meters in circumference .It was built under the order of Emperor Quailing to be used to collect fallen hair in commemoration of his mother. There is also a ―Day harnessing Water Jade Hill ‖ on display here. Yu was a legendary monarch of the remote Ixia dynasty. Under his leadership, the people learned how to harness the Yellow River. This jade assemblage, 224 centimeters in height and 5 tons in weight, is the largest jade artwork in China. This mat was woven with peeled ivory. These artifacts are among China` s rarest treasures. (In front of the Nine-Dragon Screen) this is the Nine-Dragon Relief Screen .Erected in 1773,it is 3.5 meters in height and 29.4 meters in width. Underneath is a foundation made of marble .The surface of the screen is laid with a total of 270 colored, glazed tiles in the design of 9 dragons ,some rocky mountains ,clouds and the sea. It was meant to ward off evil spirits The ancient Chinese regarded 9 dragons, some rocky mountains, clouds and the sea. It was meant to ward off evil spirits .The ancient Chinese regarded 9 as the largest numeral and the dragon as a auspicious beast .The 9 dragons are different in color and posture and all are made of glazed tiles. Interestingly a piece of the third dragon from the left is made of wood. It is believe that when the Nine-dragon Screen was almost finished ,a piece of glazed tile was damaged .Emperor Qianlong was scheduled to inspect the work the following day .Using quick wits, the craftsman in question molded the missing piece with clay and sailed through the imperial inspection. Later ,he asked a carpenter to carve a wooden one to replace the one made of clay. (Approaching the Imperial garden) Behind the Palace of Earthly Tranquility and trading the north-south axis is the imperial Garden. There are old trees, rare flowers and exotic rock formation in this garden .It cover a space of 11,700 square meters, or roughly 1.7 percent of the Forbidden City. Most of the structures in the garden are symmetrically arranged . However, each is different in terms of parrern and decoration. Woods clumps of bamboo screen off the

garden and strengthens its deep and serene atmosphere.

There main structure of the Imperial Garden is the Qin` an Hall. Positioned in the central-northern part of the garden ,this hall is flanked by other halls and pavilions on the east and west. The hall sits on a marble pedestal. The Taoist deity of Zhenwu is enshrined here and emperor would pay homage here a quarterly basis. Taoist rites were held during the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. In front of the hall there is a cypress that is 400 years old .In all there are a dozen such rare trees in the garden, and most of them are cypresses or pines. To the northwest of the hall , there is the Yanhui(Sustaining Sunshine) Pavilion and to the northeast there lies the Duixiu (Accumulated Refinement )Hill. This Hill was built over the foundation of the long- pershed Guanhua (Admiring Flowers) Hall of the Ming Dynasty. It is 14 meters in height and made of al

9 kinds of rocks quarried in jiang su province. At its base stand two nstone lions, each carrying a dragon shooting water 10 meters up into the air from its mouth. There are meandering paths leading to the hilltop. At the top of Duixiu Hill sits the Yujing (Imperial Viewing)Pavilion. Traditionally, On the day of the Double Ninth Festival (the ninth day of the ninth lunar month ), the emperor ,his consort, and his concubines would climb up to Yujing Pavilion to enjoy the scenery.At the southeastern corner of the garden is Jiangxue(Crimson Snowy) Verandah. Nearby to the southwest lies Yangxing Study (study of the cultivation of nature) .The yangxing study was used as a royal library during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Puyi once studied English there. In front of the Jiangxue Verandah some Chinese flowering crabapples grow. The structure got its name from the crabapples who blossoms trun from crimson to snowy white. In front of the Verandah, there grows a rare flower that was brought from henna Province under the order of Empress dowager Cixi. In the northest is Chizao Tang (Hall of Using Flowery Language), once used as a library where rare books were stored. There are also specific pavilions symbolizing the four seasons .The halls of Wanchun and Qianqiu ,representing spring and autumn respectively ,are square in shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shaped ridges. The halls of Chengrui and Fubi,dedecated to winter and summer, are characterized by two verandahs and bridges at their bases .Paths were paved with colorful pebbles and arranged in 900 different designs. The Imperial Garden ca n be accessed through the Qiong yuan (Jade garden )West gate or the qiong yuan east gate. A third gate, the shunzhen(Obedience and Fidelity)Gate, opens to the north. Its doors are laid in glazed tiles and it was only used by the empress or concubines.

As our tour of the Forbidden City draws to a close, I hope that I have helped you understand why the Palace is a treasure of China and one of the cultural relics of the world. It is under the strict protection of the Chinese government. Since 1949 when the people` s Rupublic of China was founded, nearly one trillion RMB was spent on its restoration and refurbishment. The Forbidden City has undergone four major facelifts to date. Each year, the government earmarks a large sum to gather, sort and study cultural relics. The Palace now contains a total of 930,000cultural relics. Well, so much for today .Let` s go to reboard the coach. Thank you !