南京中山陵英文导游词

第1篇：南京中山陵英文导游词

南京中山陵英文导游词

My dear friends ,when you come to a city, you probably want to visit the most famous scenic spots of special interest. Nanjing has many place of historic interests and has been capital for six “dynasties.” But if you leave Nanjing without visiting Dr. Sun Yat-sen` s Mausoleum, undoubtedly you have missed the most arresting and famous tourist attraction of the city. Talking about the Mausoleum we should have an idea about Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of Chinese democratic revolution. Mr. Sun `s original name is Sun Wen and styled himself Yat-sen. So foreign friends would call him “Dr. Sun Yat-sen ”. Since he took “Woodcutter in Zhoushan ”as his alias when he took part in the revolutionary activities, he was respectfully and widely called Mr. Sun Zhongshan in China. On October 12, 1866, Mr. Sun was born in a farmer` s family in Caiheng village of Xiangshan county (the present-day zhongshang City) ,Guangdong Province. When he was still young, he had great expectations. He studied medicine in Honolulu, Hong Kong and some other places and after graduation he worked as a practitioner in Gangzhou, Macao and other places Later he gave up medicine as his profession to take part in political activities. In 1905, he set up China Alliance Organization in Japan and he was elected president. He put forward the famous guiding principle- “driving the invaders out ,restoring the sovereignty of China, establishing a republic and equalizing the land ownership ” and the Three People` s Principles-“ Nationalism, Democracy and the People` s Livelihood. ” On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang uprising broke out and Dr. Sun as elected Inrterim President of the Republic of China by representatives from seventeen provinces. On the following New Year` s day (January 1, 1912) Mr. Sun took the oath of office in Nanjing. From then on ,Mr. Sun experienced Yuan Shikai` s usurpation, the Second Revolution, “Campaign Protecting the Interim Constitution.” In 1921, Mr. Sun took the position of President in Unusual Times in Guangzhou. At the first National Congress of Kuomintang held in Quangzhou in 1924, he perfected the original Three People` s Principles and put forward Three people` s New Principles. He also proposed the policies of “Making an alliance with Russia and the Communist Party of China and helping the farmers and workers. ” In November 1924, in spite of his illness, Mr. Sun went up to Beijing to discuss state affairs with General Feng Yuxiang.

Unfortunately, he broke down from constant overwork and passed away on March 12, 1925. The location of the Mausoleum was chosen by Mr. Sun himself. Here is exactly a good place to build a mausoleum. You may wonder: Mr. Sun was born in Guangdong but died in Beijing. For his whole life he traveled throughout China for the revolution. Why did he choose Nanjing as the venue of his tomb? It is said that far before Mr. Sun took office in 1912, the abbot of Lingu Monastery had recommended him that his place is good for fengshui, because it faces the plain and is backed up by green mountains as its protective screen. On March 31,1912 Mr. Un resigned as a political compromise for the sake of the union of the North China and the South China. One day of the early April, he went hunting with Hu Hanmin around the Piety Tomb of Ming Dynasty. They took a rest in the place wehre the Mausoleum is located now. Mr. Sun looked around and said “IF possible I would like my countrymen to allow me to have this place to bury my coffin.” Surely, the fengshui of the Zijing Mountain is not the basic reason for the location of Mr. Sun` s mausoleum . The basic reason is that, he said on dying “After my death, you can bury me at the foot of the Zijin Mountain in Nanjing in memory of the Revolution of 1911, because Nanjing is where the temporary government was founded. ”So although Mr. Sun stayed in Nanjing not a long time, it had a special meaning to him. Fundamentally speaking, the reason he chose Zijing Mountain as his permanent resting-place is to commemorate the revolution of 1911 and to encourage the revolutionaries. In order to respect Mr. Sun` s wish, the Preparatory Committee of Sun Yat-sen` s Funeral, including his wife Song Qingling and his son Sunke, examined the area and chose the site for the Mausoleum. They delimited 2000 mu and offered a reward in newspaper for the best design of the Mausoleum. Among all the contribution, young architect Lu Yanzhi `s design, a design in the shape of a bell ,was highly praised and gained the first prize and he himself was invited to supervise the whole project as well. On March 12,1926, the first anniversary of Mr. Sun` s death, the project got started and 3 years later, it was completed in spring of 1929. It cost 1.5 million silver collars totally.

Unfortunately, LuYanzhi, the young architect with great gift, suffered when supervising the project ,and died at 35, just before the completion of the Mausoleum. The completion ceremony was held on June 1, 1929 and Mr. Sun` s remains was transported from Beijing to Nangjing. From then on ,Mr. Sun has slept here for nearly 70 years. The construction of Dr. Sun Yat-sen` s Mausoleum was an important event in the history of Nanjing. In order to meet Mr. Sun` s coffin, the first asphalt road was built from Zhongshan Port in the west to Zhongshan Gate in the east; it is 12 kilometres in length and also called Zhongshan Road. Up to today, Zhangshan Road is still one of the most important main roads. At the same time, the city gate Chaoyang Gate which was built in Ming Dynasty was renovated and Changed its name to Zhongshan Gate. Between Zhongshang Gate and Dr.Sun Yat-sen` s Mausoleum, a road called the Mausoleum Road was built. Just as the people of Paris take pride of their les Champs-Elysees and the people of New York ,the Fifth Avenue, the nanjing people are prond of their boulevards. And the 3 kilometers long Mausoleum Road is undoubtedly the best representative of these boulevards. Along both sides of the “green corridor” grows the main kind of tree in Nanjing as parasols Usually Chinese people call them French plane trees, in fact they are Chinese local products. Just because Frenchmen took them from Yunnan Province to France and later they transplanted them in their leased territory in Shanghai, that is why they got such a name. Now ,we are going out of the Zhongshan Gate and driving along the Mausoleum Road. The destination ahead is a square in shape of crescent, According to Lu Yanzhi` s design, the place of the Mausoleum is like a “duo”, a big wooden bell, which was used to announce a policy, decree or a war in ancient time. Duo` s sound is loud and clear, implying to make the whole world peaceful and happy. The design reminds the people of Dr. Sun Yat-sen` s well-known saying “The revolution is far from success and we should continue working hard.” This saying also serves s an alert to the later generation. The crescent-shaped square is the bottom of the “Bell of Freedom”.

Now ,please look to the south. There is a octagon platform structured with reinforced concrete but covered with Jinshan stone of Suzhou. The platform is divided into three layers and each layer is enclosed by stone rails. The copper “ding” (an ancient cooking vessel) with two looped handles and two legs weighs 5000 kg. IT is 4.25 meters high and its diameter is 1.23 meters. It is one of the construction for memory of the mausoleum. The “ding ” was built in autumn, 1933 with donation of students and teaching staff of the Zhongshan University and Mr. Dai jitao. One side of the “ding ” is engraved with three characters “Intelligence, Humanity and Brevity”. These three words are the school instruction of Zhongshan University. Inside of the “ding ”stands a hexagon copper tablet on which Dai Jitao` s mother` s handwriting of the “Filial Piety” is engraved. To the bell-shaped mausoleum the “ding ” is just like the pendulum . It seems to serve to alarm the whole nation by striking the bell. Stepping on the steps, we will see a soaring memorial archway with four columns. The archway was built between 1931 and 1933, 12meters hight and 17.3 meters in width. It is made of huge Granite from Fujian Province, but its structure is in Chinese traditional wood structure style. Now, look up at the shining words inscribed on the horizontal board. The word in English mean fraternity. They were written by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. The word are taken from a Tang Dynasty poet Han Yu` s “Fraternity is humanity ” .It is said that Mr. Sun very much liked to write these two words to others. Dr. Sun devoted his whole life to bourgeois democratic revolution with great fraternity and struggled for the national independence and freedom fro scores of years. So we can say that “fraternity” is the best generalization of his life.

Further from the Fraternity Archway, there is a road leading to the mausoleum. The road is 480 meters long and dozens of meters wide. The whole design of the mausoleum gives prominence to Chinese traditional style, grand, solemn and specific. In order to embody the greatness of Mr. Sun, the Mausoleum followed the example of ancient mausoleums and was built against mountains and the coffin chamber was placed at the top of the mountain that is 160 meters high. In addition, the plants of the Mausoleum are symmetric, which make it feel more solemn. Now, please look forward to the north, along the hillside ,situate the mausoleum Gate, the Stele Pavilion, the Memorial Hall and the coffin chamber right behind. The pines,cypresses, ginkgoes and maples on the both sides of the road represent Mr. Sun` s revolutionary spirit and lofty quality. They take the place of statues and stone beasts which usually flanked the sacred road in ancient times. Among the trees, cedar is one of the “four kinds of tree for appreciation” and has been honored as the tree of Nanjing City. The grand archway at the end of the Mausoleum Road is the formal beginning of the mausoleum area. IT is 16 meters high, 27 meters wide and 8.8 meters deep. It is made of granite from the Fujian Province, too. Inscribed on the horizontal board of the middle passage is Dr. SunYat-sen` s handwriting. It means that the state doesn` t belong to one family but belongs to the entire nation and the common people. This is the goal for which Mr. Sun struggled for his whole life and it is also the excellent explanation of the Democracy of the Three People` s Principles. We have passed the gate of the Mausoleum, then in front of us is the Stele Pavilion. The 9-meter high stele in the middle of the pavilion was engraved with 24 gold-plating characters of Yan Zhenqing style, “Chinese KMT buried Premier Sun here on June 1, 18th year of the Republic of China”. These words were written by one of the founder members of KMT, Tan Yankai. When talking about setting up a stele, Wang Jing wei and Hu Hanmin were arranged to write an inscription for Mr. Sun, but two years passed, yet nothing they could write. Because they thought that Mr. Sun` s merits couldn` t be generated by word, then they chose to use the present from to praise Dr. Sun without engraving an inscription. Going out of the pavilion, we` ll see numerous layers of steps. The people of Nanjing often say that the steps in the Mausoleum ware as number as the stone lions on Lugou Bridge (known for Westerners as Marco Polo Bridge). So when coming here tourists usually ask, “how many steps on earth are there in the Mausoleum?” My friends, if you are interested you can count them. Now we are coming near the top platform. Look ,there are two big copper “ding”. They were contributed by Shanghai municipal government of that time. Now, please look carefully. There are two holes in the bottom of the left “ding”. Why? Just let me tell you .In late 1937, when the Japanese army attacked Nanjing, their shooting left two holes in the left ding. Now, although the circumstances have changed, the two holes always remind Chinese people not to forget the national humiliation. Not far away, there are two bronze dings in ancient style. They are presented by Mr. Sun` s son Sun Ke and his family. Ascending the steps, now we have reached the top of the platform. Here we can have a bird-view of what it is in the distance. The Memorial Hall is the half way up to the mountain and there are altogether 392 steps covered if you count from the archway of Fraternity. The vertical distance is 70 meters but the plane distance is 700 meters. If you count the steps from the Stele Pavilion, the number of steps is 290. In order to avoid monotone ,the architect divided the 392 steps into 10 parts and every part has a platform and there are totally 10 such platforms. More marvelous, if you look up from the bottom, you can see that the steps extend to the top without stop and you cant see any platform. But if you look down from the top, you only see the platforms. The number of the steps, 392, is not a random number, it implied the number of Chinese population at that time-392 million. Now we are in front of the Memorial Hall and the coffin Chamber. They are the major parts of the Mausoleum. The construction of these two building was supervised then by Lu Yanzhi, the gift young designer. If is when he was doing these two building he died of cancer. So when the later generation mention him they would often say, “It is a great pity he died before his complete success.” The structure of the Sacrificed Hall is of a ancient wooden palace style. It is 30 meters long, 25 meters wide and 29 meter high, surrounded by smaller constructions of fortress style and two 12.6-meter-high cloud columns. Its roof, with double-eaves and nine ridges, is covered with blue glare tiles. The outside of wall is covered with granite from Hongkong. The inscription on the horizontal board is engraved with seal characters cut in relief- “Naturalism” “Democracy” and “The people` s livelihood” . These are the most basic and general guiding principles of Mr. Sun` s revolutionary activities. Above “Democracy” , there is a horizontal inscription board with Sun` s handwriting on it, “Fill the World with Justice”.

Please follow me into the Memorial Hall. The floor is covered with white and black marble from Yunnan Province. The colors of white and black are among the traditional color for burial ceremonies in China. There are 12 black stone columns, with 0.8 meter as the diameter for each. You will see that the interiors of the walls around are inset with black marble. Now you can have a look at Mr. Sun Yat-seen` s handwriting of “Programme for Founding a State”, engraved on the east and west walls. The main colors of the Hall are black, white and blue, which are used to express filial piety in China. The inside windows are inlaid with smaltos. They present western flavors especially with floods of sunshine. The style of the whole structure is a blend of the East and the West, representing the well blended doctrine of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. In the middle is the sitting statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in a robe. It is 4.6 meters high and the bottom is 2.1 meters wide. It was sculpted by the famous French sculptor Paul Arinsky whose native country is Poland . He was entrusted by the committee of Dr. Sun Yat-sen` s Funeral for sculpting it. He chose the Italian marble as the material for the statue . In 1930, the sculpture was sent to the Mausoleum from Paris. Its total cost was 1.5 million francs. The sic relief below are pictures depicting Mr. Sun` s life and revolutionary activities. Passing through the Hall, we have come to the Coffin Chamber. There are two doors that you need to get through. The outer door consists of two American-made safety door leafs which are made of copper. The nails on them and the mysterious beasts on the copper loops are typical of traditional Chinese. The horizontal inscription board was engraved with “The noble spirit will never perish ” which was Sun` s handwriting for the 72 martyrs` tomb in Huanghua Mound of Guanzhou .The secound door is a single copper leaf engrave with seven characters “Mr. Sun Yat-sen` s tomb” which were written by Zhang Jing jiang.

The tomb is a half globe in shape. The design of KMT emblem is mosaicked in the vaulted dome. The floor of the round room is covered with marble. The room` s diameter is 18 meters and the height is 11 meters .The walls are covered with pink marbles. The circular marble pit is 1.7 meters deep and 4.35 meters in diameter. It is enclose with 1-meter-high white marble rails. In the pit lays Dr. Sun Yat-sen lying statue in Zhongshan Suit. This is sculpted in accordance to Mr. Sun` s remains by a Czechoslovakian sculptor. His copper coffin is lying about 5 meters below the sculpture. You may ask why on earth the clothes Dr. Wears for the sitting statue are totally different from those for the lying one? In those years, the leftists and the rightists inside of the KMT had severe conflicts. The rightists, headed by Chang Kai-shek wanted to restore the ancient ways and opposed revolution. They insisted that Mr. Sun should wear long robe, while the leftists insisted he wear Zhongshan Suit. Since they had different opinions thus the two statues have different clothes styles. My friends, I `m afraid you must be concern about whether Mr. Sun remains are in the tomb or not. In fact, his remains had a unusual experience. After his death, his remain were dealt with antiseptic and placed in Biyun Monastery in Beijing in March, 1925. When the warlord Zhang Zong chang was defeated by the North Expeditionary Army and withdrew to Beijing in 1926, he ascribed his failure to Mr. Sun` s remains and decided to burn them .It is the patriotic general Zhang Xuelian who sent troops to protect the remains. Unfortunately they were once exposed to the air though they were safe again. On May 28, 1929, Mr. Sun` s coffin was sent to Pukou from Beijing by Jinpu Railway, and on June 1 it reached the Mausoleum. After the Grand Ceremony of Feng` an, the coffin and the remains were put into the pit and used cement to concrete it .The bottom of the tomb is granite. Under the copper coffin, there is a specially made wooden pad and enclosing the coffin is a well-sealed crystal box. After the breakout of the Resistance War against Japan, KMT government planed to transport the remains to Chongqing and at the end of the liberation war, Chang Kai-shek planed to transport it to Taiwan this time. Because it was not a easy job to take the coffin out and the work might do damage to the remains as well, this plan was fiercely attacked by the engineering field and the left wing of the KMT. At last Chang gave up the plan. So the remains have stayed here safely up to today. Passing through the door in the back wall of the square outside you will arrive at the Mausoleum Park. The back wall of the park is a “Exhibition of Construction of Dr. Sun Yat-sen` s Mausoleum ”.The Exhibition contains nearly 200 precious historic materials which show the construction of the Mausoleum and the process of the transportation of Mr. Sun` s remains. Beside the main structure, there are also some constructions around the Mausoleum built in memory of Mr. Sun. Most of the constructions are built after 1929 with the donation of those from both all trades in China and overseas Chinese. The Fraternity Pavilion on top of the Plum Hill is built with the donation of a Taiwanese compatriot. IT was completed on November 12,1993, the 127th anniversary of Mr. Sun` s birthday. Ladies and gentlemen. Mr. Sun struggled for a better China for his whole life and overthrew monarch feudalist system which lasted for more than 2000 years. He carried out the three principal policies of “Making an alliance with Russia and the Communist Party of China and helping the farmers and workers” in his later days. The great feat Mr. Sun has achieved has gained great respect and praise from people from both home and abroad. After liberation, both central and local governments have exerted great efforts in preserving this excellent heritage. Now, as one of the “Top Forty Tourist Resorts in China” Dr. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum receives numerous Chinese and international friends every years. People come here to pay homage to Mr. Sun. Today, the unification has become the main tendency in terms of the relations between the Chinese on both sides of the Straits . I believe that most Chinese people, from both home and abroad, are expecting from the bottom of heart the coming of the day when our country is united and getting more prosperous. At that time, when hearing this. Dr. Sun would smile and be satisfied for sure in the other world. OK, thank you very much for your cooperation. Good bye and good luck!

第2篇：南京中山陵英文导游辞

My dear friends, when you come to a city, you probably want to visit the most famous scenic spots of special interest. Nanjing has many places of historic interests and has been capital for six "dynasties." But if you leave Nanjing without visiting Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum, undoubtedly you have missed the most arresting and famous tourist attraction of the city.

Talking about the Mausoleum we should have an idea about Sun Yat-sen, the great pioneer of Chinese democratic revolution. Mr. Sun's original name is Sun Wen and styled himself Yat-sen. So foreign friends would call him "Dr. Sun Yat-sen". Since he took "Woodcutter in Zhoushan" as his alias when he took part in the revolutionary activities, he was respectfully and widely called Mr. Sun Zhongshan in China. On October 12, 1866, Mr. Sun was born in a farmer's family in Caiheng village of Xiangshan county (the present-day zhongshan City), Guangdong Province. When he was still young, he had great expectations. He studied medicine in Honolulu, Hong Kong and some other places and after graduation he worked as a practitioner in Gangzhou, Macao and other places Later he gave up medicine as his profession to take part in political activities. In 1905, he set up China Alliance Organization in Japan and he was elected president. He put forward the famous guiding principle- "driving the invaders out, restoring the sovereignty of China, establishing a republic and equalizing the land ownership" and the Three People's Principles-"Nationalism, Democracy and the People's Livelihood." On October 10, 1911, the Wuchang uprising broke out and Dr. Sun as elected President of the Republic of China by representatives from seventeen provinces. On the following New Year's day (January 1, 1912) Mr. Sun took the oath of office in Nanjing. From then on, Mr. Sun experienced Yuan Shikai's usurpation, the Second Revolution, "Campaign Protecting the Interim Constitution." In 1921, Mr. Sun took the position of President in Unusual Times in Guangzhou. At the first National Congress of Kuomintang held in Quangzhou in 1924, he perfected the original Three People's Principles and put forward Three people's New Principles. He also proposed the policies of "Making an alliance with Russia and the Communist Party of China and helping the farmers and workers." In November 1924, in spite of his illness, Mr. Sun went up to Beijing to discuss state affairs with General Feng Yuxiang.

Unfortunately, he broke down from constant overwork and passed away on March 12, 1925.

The location of the Mausoleum was chosen by Mr. Sun himself. Here is exactly a good place to build a mausoleum. You may wonder: Mr. Sun was born in Guangdong but died in Beijing. For his whole life he traveled throughout China for the revolution. Why did he choose Nanjing as the venue of his tomb?

It is said that far before Mr. Sun took office in 1912, the abbot of Lingu Monastery had recommended him that his place is good for fengshui, because it faces the plain and is backed up by green mountains as its protective screen. On March 31, 1912 Mr. Sun resigned as a political compromise for the sake of the union of the North China and the South China. One day of the early April, he went hunting with Hu Hanmin around the Piety Tomb of Ming Dynasty. They took a rest in the place where the Mausoleum is located now. Mr. Sun looked around and said "If possible I would like my countrymen to allow me to have this place to bury my coffin." Surely, the fengshui of the Zijing Mountain is not the basic reason for the location of Mr. Sun's mausoleum. The basic reason is that, he said on dying "After my death, you can bury me at the foot of the Zijin Mountain in Nanjing in memory of the Revolution of 1911, because Nanjing is where the temporary government was founded. "So although Mr. Sun stayed in Nanjing not a long time, it had a special meaning to him. Fundamentally speaking, the reason he chose Zijing Mountain as his permanent resting-place is to commemorate the revolution of 1911 and to encourage the revolutionaries.

第3篇：南京中山陵导游词

中山陵

各位游客，欢迎来到我国伟大的民主革命先行者孙中山先生的陵墓——南京中山陵。中山陵，位于南京市东郊紫金山南麓，是南京民国时期的著名建筑，现已成为南京的名片和标志。

孙中山先生名孙文，字逸仙，因从事革命活动时曾用过“中山樵”的化名，所以又被尊称为中山先生。中山先生是中国近代民族民主主义革命的开拓者，中华民国和中国国民党的缔造者，他首举彻底反帝反封建的旗帜，领导辛亥革命，推翻了在中国存在了两千多年的帝制。1925年积劳成疾在北京逝世，终年59岁。中山陵的墓址是中山先生生前选定的，他选择南京紫金山为墓址，是为了纪念辛亥革命，激励革命同仁，表现了讨伐帝制和继续革命的决心。

中山陵是由青年建筑师吕彦直设计的，依山而筑，坐北朝南，西邻明孝陵，东毗灵谷寺，墓地全局呈“警钟”形图案，寓有“唤起民众”之意，让人想起中山先生“革命尚未成功，同志仍需努力”的遗言，给人以警钟长鸣、发人深醒的启迪。建筑风格中西合璧，既有深刻含意，又显庄严雄伟，被誉为“中国近代建筑史上第一陵”。

现在我们来到的是中山陵的陵园广场。广场四周苍松挺立，树大荫浓，恰似革命事业万古长青，枝繁叶茂，生生不息。大家再看广场南面那座三层八角形石台上是一尊紫铜宝鼎，被命名为“孝经鼎”，此鼎是1933年秋由广州中山大学全体师生在老校长戴季陶的带领下所捐赠的祭物，广州中山大学是全国纪念孙中山先生的最高学府、戴季陶不仅是孙中山的亲密战友更是其盟拜兄弟。鼎的正面铸有“智、仁、勇”三个字，既是中山大学的校训，也是中山先生一生的写照。鼎的背部还刻有国民党以孝治国的8个字：“忠孝、仁爱、信义、和平”，鼎内还刻有戴母黄氏手书《孝经》全文，所以叫孝经鼎。

由广场拾级而上，迎面的便是一座四柱三檐的花岗岩牌坊，牌坊上端正中的横帽上刻着“博爱”二字，因此又称为“博爱坊”。牌坊，通常建在我国古代帝王陵寝的入口处，用来歌功颂德，朝拜者到此必须下马步行。“博爱”两字是中山先生的手迹，出自于唐宋八大家之首的韩愈“博爱之为仁”一语，意思是说，一个人的爱心、胸怀很宽广、很博大，要用这样的胸怀去爱天下每个人。孙先生一生以伟大的博爱精神致力于资产阶级民主革命，前后数十年，为民族的独立自由奋斗不息，可以说“博爱”二字正是对他一生的高度概括和最好写照。 我们穿过博爱坊，走上陵园墓道。480米长的墓道气势开阔，绿化规整。为了体现孙先生的崇高伟大，整个陵区的建筑植被讲求中轴对称，更给人以庄严肃穆之感。请大家向前看，朝北顺着山坡，依次有陵门、碑亭、祭堂和祭堂后的墓室等建筑。而墓道两旁对称地种植着苍松、翠柏、红枫、银杏，代替了古代陵墓前常用的石人石兽，喻示着中山先生的浩然正气长留天地之间。

走过墓道，我们即将到达的是陵墓的核心区域，请大家带着崇高敬仰之意，随我一路感悟中山先生的革命精神和浩然正气，以及陵园设计者的独具匠心!

第4篇：江苏南京-中山陵导游词

中山陵是我国伟大的民主革命先行者孙中山先生的陵墓，它坐落在江苏省南京市东郊钟山东峰小茅山的南麓，西邻明孝陵，东毗灵谷寺，整个建筑群依山势而层层上升，气势宏伟!整个墓区平面形如大钟，钟的顶为山下半月形广场，广场南端的鼎台(现改 为中山先生的立像)为大钟的钟纽，钟锤就是半球形的墓室。“鼎”在古代是权力的象征，因此整个大钟乃含“唤起民众，以建民国”之意。 陵坐北朝南，傍山而筑，由南往北沿中轴线逐渐升高，依次为广场、石坊、墓道、陵门、碑亭、祭堂、墓室。

祭堂的正中，为孙中山先生的汉白玉坐像，此像为国外雕塑名家保罗兰德斯所作。 坐像德基座四周雕刻着孙中山先生的革命业绩，祭堂四壁的黑色大理石墙上刻有孙 中山亲笔书写的>和胡汉民等人书写的>。祭堂之后有一个铜门，横额上书“浩气长存”四个大字，亦是孙中山先生的手笔。 门内即为钟形墓室，其中央有一直径4米、深5米的圆形大理石圆穴。孙中山的汉白 玉灵柩及卧像即安放在圆穴中，瞻仰者可围绕汉白玉栏杆俯视灵柩上的卧像，此像系捷克雕刻家高棋按遗体形象塑造，十分逼真。孙中山先生虽然与世长辞，但是他浩气长存，永远为世人所敬仰。中山陵的建筑风格中西合壁，钟山的雄伟形势与各个牌坊、陵门、碑亭、祭堂和墓 室，通过大片绿地和宽广的通天台阶，连成一个大的整体，显得十分庄严雄伟，既有深刻的含意，又显得十分庄严雄伟，更有宏伟的气势，设计非常成功，所以被誉为“中国近代建筑史上的第一陵”。

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第5篇：江苏南京中山陵导游词

各位游客：下面我们将要参观游览的景点是中山陵。中山陵是中国伟大的民主革命先行者孙中山先生的陵墓，位于南京市东郊紫金山第二峰小茅山南坡。中山陵坐北朝南，前临平川，背靠青山，其建筑采用依山为陵的形式，墓室建在海拔158米的山顶最高处，比独龙岗明孝陵所处的位置高出90多米;从牌坊到墓道，高差70多米，平面距离700多米，显得十分雄伟壮丽。

【孙中山生平—安葬紫金山的夙愿—陵墓设计者吕彦直】

各位游客：在到达中山陵之前，先向大家简要地介绍一下孙中山先生的生平。孙中山，姓孙名文，字逸仙，在日本从事革命活动时曾化名“中山樵”。他于1866年11月12日生于广东省香山县翠亨村(现已改为中山市)，是中国辛亥革命的领袖。孙中山早年曾求学海外，1892年毕业于香港西医学院，曾一度行医。20世纪初年的中国，灾难深重，清政府与帝国主义列强签订了丧权辱国的《辛丑条约》，使中国完全陷入半殖民地半封建社会的苦难深渊。目睹清政府的腐败，孙中山毅然放弃行医，投身革命，于1905年8月和一批资产阶级革命的知识分子，在日本东京组织成立了中国近代史上第一个带有资产阶级政党性质的组织“中国同盟会”，提出了“民族、民生、民权”即“三民主义”的革命纲领。从1907年到1911年10月前，同盟会在我国华南地区不断发动武装起义，特别是在1911年4月27日发动了广州起义。广州起义虽然最终遭到失败，但为同年10月10日的武昌起义取得胜利奠定了基础。从此各省纷纷响应，推翻了2000多年的中国封建帝制，这就是中国近代史上影响深刻、意义深远的一次伟大革命——辛亥革命。

1911年12月29日，在中央临时政府会议上，大家一致推举孙中山为中华民国临时大总统，商议成立中国临时政府并定都南京，确定1912年为民国元年。1912年1月l日，孙中山从上海到南京就任临时大总统。但因袁世凯的扶持和革命党人的妥协，1912年4月1日，孙中山正式辞去临时大总统职，袁世凯窃取了革命果实，并定都北京。革命虽然受到挫折，但是孙中山先生没有气馁，继续展开了护法运动、护国运动、讨袁运动。1924年1月同中国共产党进行了第一次合作，并提出了“联俄、联共、扶助农工”的“新三民主义”。直到肝癌晚期，他仍忍着病痛，北上与冯玉祥商讨国事。1925年3月12日，终因肝病恶化在北京逝世。

孙中山先生生前十分喜欢钟山(紫金山)。早在1912年，就任临时大总统时，就曾登山游览。同年4月1日被解除大总统之职后，来这里打猎，看到这里山水相依，气势雄伟，就有了他回长眠此山的想法。在北京弥留之际，他还念念不忘这一夙愿，再三叮嘱左右。当然，孙中山葬于紫金山，不仅仅是个人的愿望，还有一个重要的原因，那就是南京曾是革命的策源地和临时政府所在地，孙中山先生长眠于此，表示了讨伐帝制和继续革命的决心。

为了尊重孙中山先生的遗愿，由孙夫人宋庆龄，儿子孙科等人组成的孙中山葬事筹备处，通过登报悬奖，征集陵墓设计方案。在众多的应征者中，年仅33岁的青年建筑师吕彦直设计的警钟形图案被一致评为首奖。他本人也被聘主持全部工程。吕彦直是山东省东平县人，1894年生于天津。早年在清华大学建筑系毕业后，被公费派往美国康奈尔大学深造，得到美国著名设计师茂菲的指导，回国后，在上海开设“彦记建筑事务所”。为了设计南京中山陵和广州中山纪念堂，呕心沥血，不辞辛劳。在工程接近尾声时，身患肝癌，于1929年3月18日病逝，时年36岁。

【陵园路—陵区总体概况—半月形广场—孝经鼎】

各位游客：我们的车已驶向陵园路。这条长达3公里的“绿荫长廊”两侧，种植着南京最主要的行道树——梧桐树。这条路也是南京绿化最好的一条林荫路。出了陵园路，前方便是中山陵前的半月形广场。

好了，中山陵马上就要到了，有关孙中山先生的生平事迹就暂时介绍到这里。请各位游客准备随我下车，一同去参观中山陵，瞻仰伟大的革命先驱孙中山先生。

各位游客：我们现在来到了中山陵。它于1926年1月15日破土动工，历时三年多，耗资220余万银元，于1929年春竣工。孙先生的遗体是1929年6月1日从北京运抵这里的。整个陵区的面积达83600多平方米，主要建筑由牌坊、墓道、陵门、碑亭、祭台和墓室等组成。根据吕彦直的设计，整个陵区平面呈警钟形，给人以警钟长鸣、发人深醒的启迪。孙中山先生在临终遗嘱中说，他致力于国民革命四十年，深知欲达到此目的，必须唤起民众。吕彦直的警钟形设计，寓意深刻，最贴切地表达了“唤起民众”之意。

中山陵作为一座陵墓，吕彦直在设计上继承了我国传统的陵墓建筑风格，如依山为陵，保留牌坊、墓道、陵门、碑亭、祭堂等中国古代陵墓中常用的基本建筑格局，但又剔除了古代帝王陵墓中属于封建糟粕一类的东西，如摒弃用于显示古代帝王威严的石人石兽，同时吸取西方建筑的一些先进技艺。整个构思的确称得上是古为今用，洋为中用，别具匠心，巧夺天工。

各位游客：进入中山陵，首先来到的是陵前的广场。广场位于中山陵的正南端。虽然不很大，但却为陵墓平添了庄严肃穆的气势。请大家留意，我们脚下的这片广场呈半月形，是“钟”的下缘。四周苍松挺立，树大荫浓，恰似革命事业万古长青，枝繁叶茂，生生不息。大家再看，广场南面的高台上，矗立着的是孙中山的全身铜像，气宇轩昂，栩栩如生。

广场南面那座钢筋混凝土结构的八角形石台上的紫铜宝鼎，高4.25米，腹径1.21米，重约5000公斤，是中山陵纪念性建筑之一。这尊鼎铸于1933年秋，是广州中山大学师生和校长戴季陶捐赠的、鼎的一面铸有“智、仁、勇”三个字，是中山大学的校训。鼎内还刻有戴母黄氏手书《孝经》全文，所以叫孝经鼎。

【博爱访—墓道—陵墓正门—碑亭—条堂—墓室—孙中山遗体安葬经过】

各位游客：由广场拾级而上就是墓道。在墓道的人口处，大家请看：这座冲天而立的花岗岩牌坊，高12米，宽17.3米，牌坊上端正中的横帽上刻着“博爱”二字，因此又称为“博爱坊”。这座牌坊建于1930年，采用花岗岩仿木结构，建筑格局为四揽三闭门冲天式。牌坊，在我国古代通常建在帝王陵寝的人口处，用来歌功颂德，至此朝拜者必须下马步行。我们眼前的这座牌坊上所镌刻的“博爱”两字是中山先生的手迹，也是他生前的座右铭，据说孙先生生前最爱题这两字送人。

经过牌坊，就到墓道。整条墓道长480多米，分为三道：中道宽12米，钢筋水泥路面;左右二道各党4.2米，柏油路面。墓道两旁对称地种植着两排雪松和四排桧柏，代替了古代陵墓前道常用的石人石兽，喻示着中山先生的浩然正气长留天地之间。其中的雪松已成为南京市的市树。

走完墓道，我们便来到了陵墓的正门。陵门坐北朝南，有三个拱门，每个拱门都装有一扇对开的楼花铜门。陵门平面为长方形，高16.5米，宽27米，进深8.8米，全部用福建花岗岩建成。屋檐为单层歇山式(歇山式建筑是我国古代第二等级的建筑屋顶式样)。门楣上有孙中山先生亲笔所书“天下为公”四个大字。这四个大字表达了孙先生毕生的奋斗目标和所追求的理想。

陵门之后，是一座方形的碑亭，边长12米，高约17米，全部用花岗岩建成。亭中这块高8.1米、宽4米的巨碑，碑的正面刻有国民党元老谭延闿手书的“中国国民党葬总理孙先生于此，中华民国十八年六月一日”24个馏金大字。字为颜体，道劲有力。谭延闿在民国时期曾做过国民政府主席、行政院院长，是国民党内四大书法家之一。这里需要说明的是，孙中山曾经当过临时政府大总统，并没有担任过政府总理，为何碑文称他为“总理”而不称为“总统”呢?当时段棋瑞政府虽然明令国葬孙中山，但实际上举行的是党葬，孙中山在国民党内的职务是总理。再看碑的背面，没有题写任何文字。当初讨论立碑时，计划由汪精卫撰写碑文，胡汉民撰写墓志铭，可花了两年时间碑文内容也没能定下来。大家都认为像孙中山这样伟大的人物，其功绩是无法用文字来评述的，于是就决定不写铭文。游客们：这座碑亭四面各有一个拱门，北侧的拱门下设有石栏，我们在此可凭栏远眺中山陵祭堂的雄姿，也可摄影留念。

出了碑亭，循着层层石阶到祭堂前平台，共有八段石阶，共290级，每段石阶上都有一块平台。平台上还陈列着一些纪念品，丰富了石阶的景观内容。石阶两旁种满了各种终年常青的树木，有松柏、枫树、石铺、海棠等。

现在我们已经来到了第五层平台上，这里有一对巨大的紫铜鼎，上面刻着“奉安大典”四个篆书大字，这是当时的上海市政府为纪念中山先生的葬礼而敬献的。请大家仔细看西侧的那只铜鼎，壁上留有两个弹孔，据说是1937年12月日军攻打南京时被炮弹击穿的。

各位游客：现在我们终于登上了第十层平台，这是陵墓的最高处，海拔158米。让我们环顾一下平台四周，这座平台东西宽162米，南北进深38米，祭堂就位于平台的正中。到了这里，我想问一下，哪位游客能说出刚才我们一共走过了几级石阶?对了，从广场到祭堂总共有392级石阶。设计者为避免单调，将这392级石阶分为十段，每段一个平台，总计有大小十个平台。朝下看，不见台阶，只见平台。如果从下往上看，那么就只见到台阶，不见平台了。或许有的游客要问：这392级台阶的数字是否巧合?不是!而是暗喻了当时中国的三亿九千两百万同胞。

现在我们来到了祭堂前，这座融中西建筑风格于一体的宫殿式建筑，长30米，宽25米，高29米，四周有堡垒式的小建筑物，并有两座高12.6米的华表拱卫。祭堂的屋顶为重檐九脊，上覆蓝色琉璃瓦，外墙用花岗岩砌成。祭堂的三拱门婚上从东到西分别刻着“民族”、“民生”、“民权”6个篆体大字，是国民党元老张静江的手书。居中的“民生”门楣上端，还有孙中山所书“天地正气”4个金字直额。

请各位跟我进人祭堂。祭堂内部以云南产白黑色大理石铺地。堂内四周还可以看到12根黑色石柱，直径有0.8米，四隐八现，12代表的是一年中的12个月，4代表的是一年中的4个季节。大西两侧的护壁上还刻有孙中山手书《建国大纲》全文。祭堂正中是一尊石雕孙中山全身坐像，像高4.6米，底座宽2.1米，用意大利白色大理石雕刻而成。只见中山先生身穿长袍马褂，膝上放着一本展开的文卷，双目凝视前方，显示出一位伟大思想家的深沉和睿智。坐像是由法籍波兰雕刻家保罗·郎特斯基雕琢而成的，它于1930年雕成后从治国巴黎运到中山陵，总造价150万法郎。坐像底座四侧的六幅浮雕，再现了孙中山从事革命活动的生动画面。正面一幅为“如抱赤子”，画面上孙中山先生正在精心地为一个患病的幼儿治病。东面两幅是“出国宣传”和“商讨革命”，表现了孙中山先生早年奔走革命和创建同盟会的情形。背面一幅为“国会授印”，再现了辛亥革命后，议会向孙中山授大总统印的场面。西面两幅浮雕，一幅是“振聋发聩”，表现了孙中山为唤起民众，正向群众宣传革命道理;另一幅是“讨袁护国”，内容是孙中山发表演说，号召人民讨伐倒行逆施的袁世凯。

祭堂后壁正中是墓门，与墓室相通。墓门分为两道，第一道是两扇美国产的紫铜保险门，门婚上刻有“浩气长存”横额，是孙中山先生亲笔所书。第二道为独扇铜门，上刻张静江所写“孙中山先生之墓”7个篆字。门开启时，这7个字是看不见的，只有当墓门关闭时，门上的字才能看见。

整个墓室是一座半球形封闭式建筑，顶呈西式穹隆状。室内圆形，直径约18米，高11米，四壁用妃色人造石贴面。墓室的地面用白色大理石铺砌。墓壁上装有目光灯，顶上装有8个反光镜;使室内保持柔和而充足的光线。墓室的中央是安葬孙中山灵棕的大理石矿，直径约4.3米，石矿深1.6米，四周围着一圈精致的白色大理石栏杆。墓护正中的长方形墓穴上安放着孙中山先生的汉白玉卧像，卧像身穿中山装，神态宁静，面容慈祥，如同生前安睡一样，令人肃然起敬。这是捷克雕塑家高浓按孙中山遗体的形象而创作的。

讲到这里，大家最关心的一定是孙先生的遗体是否仍在中山陵，事实上，孙先生逝世后，他的遗体的确是历经了磨难。本来，孙中山逝世前，曾经吩咐葬礼仪式和棺木式样仿照列宁的格式，让民众瞻仰遗容。可当孙先生逝世时，苏联赠送的玻璃钢棺材没能及时运到，只好暂时安放在酉式玻璃盖棺木棺内，停放在北京香山碧云寺石塔之中。当1925年3月30日苏联政府送来玻璃钢棺材时，孙中山的遗体已久殓半个多月了，由于防腐措施不当，遗容不能再供后人瞻仰，只好改为土葬。1929年6月1日，遗体从北京迁往南京，当时就在这卧像下5米左右处安放了从美国定购的紫铜棺。解放战争后期，蒋介石曾想将遗体迁往台湾，但由于爆破墓穴势必会损坏遗体，因而作罢，终于使遗体得以安然保存在中山陵内。

各位游客：中山陵的主体建筑就介绍到这里，有兴趣的游客还可到祭堂外墓堡公园内去看一下《中山陵建设史料图片展》，以便更多地了解中山陵建设的情况。参观完毕后，请大家准时到停车场上车，继续游览下一个景点。谢谢各位!

第6篇：南京中山陵

景 区 平 面 图 讲解：

整个中山陵景区的建设是耗时3年多，共耗资240万银元，是当时国民党的党部筹资为孙中山先生所建造的，陵园大道全长3公里，这条道路是南京当时为了纪念孙先生所修成的第一条柏油马路，在柏油马路俩旁是我们南京市的行道树--法国梧桐树，现在已经有80多年的历史。法国梧桐树又名双球悬玲木，起源于我国西双版纳，后来由法国传道士带到法国，辛亥革命时孙中山先生又把梧桐树带了回来，成为了中国与法国一个友好的见证，所以在中国叫它法国梧桐树，而在法国叫它中国梧桐树把它做为我们南京的行道树是因为夏天的时候梧桐树枝叶茂盛可以为行人遮挡阳光，冬天的时候树叶脱落可以得到阳光的照射，但是到了秋天的时候树上的俩个小球球会脱落下来很多的小毛毛，会对人体的呼吸道有一定的影响。

那我们现在正前方所看见的这座山就叫中山，中山在历史上面也得名紫金山，(世界第三大天文探测气象台所在地)因为在东晋时期山上面有一种紫色的页岩在阳光的照色下可以散发出一种紫色光芒，由此得名。所以自古以来也是把它列为江南四大名山之一，当年它的名声确起于诸葛亮有着密不可分的关系，因为早在三国时期当时蜀国联吴抗曹，就派诸葛亮出使东吴，当时他本人来到南京这个地方看过这里的山水地势说过这样一句话：

“钟山龙蟠，石城虎踞，真乃帝王之宅也。”所以我们都知道虎踞龙蟠也是我们南京的一个代名词，那么现在的这座中山呢也是我们南京东郊一处非常著名的风景区，在这个图上可以看见山上面分布着大大小小的人文景观一共有80多处的景观，现在把它化为3个景点，最左边的这个是明孝陵景区，这个明孝陵景区实际上也就是600年前明朝的开国皇帝朱元璋和他的原配夫人马氏的一处合葬墓，这个景点是在2003年7月3日在法国的巴黎作为明清皇家陵景的一个扩展项目把它列入了世界级的遗产，也是我们南京当地最大保存最完好的一个古代帝王陵墓之一，那么在全中国像这样的世界文化遗产一共有35处，明孝陵就是其中的一处。

正中这个蓝白相间的建筑群就是孙中山先生的安葬纪念地---中山陵景区。我们可以看到他的主要建筑物有牌坊，陵门，碑亭和幕室。孙先生的墓室就在紫金山的第二座高峰小茅山的半山腰海拔158米的位臵，在当时民国时期设计师也是非常巧妙的把中山陵的俯视图平面图形设计成一个警钟型的图案，由此是它寓意着警钟长鸣，以此来唤醒民众激励革命众人。应了我们孙先生在国会议室上的一句话“革命尚未成功，同志仍需努力”。非常符合我们孙先生的主题，而且我们在这里可以发现中山陵的建造全都是俩种颜色。上铺蓝色琉璃瓦，下面是用白色花岗岩所构造，也就是说这个颜色就是国民党党徽的颜色。而且本身的黑色，白色还有蓝色是我们中国传统的一个三大孝色。

在中山陵的右手边就是灵谷景区，灵谷景区可以说比刚才俩个景点的创建历史要早很多，因为它始建于1400年前南北朝时期的梁朝，是梁武帝在梁天间13年的时候为了纪念一为名僧宝志和尚所兴修的一座寺庙。原名叫它开善寺，最早修建这座寺庙的位臵是在明孝陵的那个位臵，只不过到了明代之后朱元璋在南京定都当时也是看上了这块风水宝地，所以在明朝时期朱元璋动用了5万名禁军把整座寺庙全部拆除搬迁至此从新修建，建完之后将寺名改为灵谷寺，后来这座寺庙是毁于清朝的末年咸丰年间，清军由于太平军的战火，后来到了民国时期1928年的时候北伐胜利之后，国民党政府在灵谷寺的旧址上面修建了一座国民革命军将士阵亡公墓以慰忠魂。解放之后又对这里从新进行了修建和规划把它改建成为一处国家级的公园。因为现在这个灵谷景区实际上它是一个桂花专列院，每到金秋时节的时候这里就是我们举办国际桂花节的一个主办会场，99年的时候是第一届，以后每年一届一直延续至今。

----------半

月

广

场-------------------

接下来我们进行参观，现在所处的位臵就是一个半圆形的广场，这个广场是我们中山陵景区的一个最开端也是在民国时期设计师所设计的一个警钟型图案钟的一个最下缘。这里就是半月广场在我们南京也叫博爱广场，在那边有一个孝经鼎。高4.25米，宽1.21米，重5000公斤，铸于1933年秋，是广州中山大学的学生和校长戴季陶捐赠的，鼎的一面铸有“智”“仁”“勇”是中山大学的校训，鼎内还刻有戴季陶的母亲黄氏手书《孝经》全文，所以叫孝经鼎。

那么在广场正前方我们可以看见一座四柱山门冲天试的一个石牌坊。我们可以明显的看到四个柱子俩高俩低分别是11米和12米代表着孙中山先生的生日是11月12日，在当时打造这四个柱子的时候曾经有一个石匠你不小心刻损一处，当时过来的军官就要把这小小石匠当场处罚掉，后来孙中山先生的儿子孙科看到此景便道“我父亲一生博爱，怎可在此处杀人”后来这个小石匠也是因为孙中山先生的这博爱二字荣获丛生。

牌坊呢我们都知道是明清时期非常常见也是常用的一种建筑物，它实际上有俩点作用，第一点作用用在我们这个主建筑的前方形成一种装饰另外一个作用呢是表明入口，就相当于一个指示牌一样。那么在牌坊正中呢我们可以看到刻有“博爱”俩个字是出自于孙中山先生的亲笔手书，原出自于唐代的文学家韩愈所著原道中的博爱之为人以包括我们南京地方的宣传口号也称之为博爱之都也是延迟了孙中山先生博爱的这一种精神。 ----墓

道-------------

那我们现在所走的这条路就是中山陵的墓道，当时的设计师是把这个墓道划分成为3道，我们现在所走的墓道是主墓道，左右俩旁各有一条边道，墓道的全长是480米宽约40米，那么实际上在中国最早的古代墓道最早的叫法也并不是叫墓道而是叫神道，中国通常古代帝王的神道它的俩旁都会排列着一些石人石马石像，但是我们都知道孙中山先生他是一为平民总统，而且先生的一生主要是治理于反帝和反封建，所以他的陵墓当然不能采用这些古代帝王陵墓中雕刻的建陵方式，那么设计师他也是考虑到了这点，所以他把这些石人石马石像统统剔除掉了取而代之的是我们现在所看到的栽种的许多苍松和翠柏以此来代替，那么实际上千年松万年柏也是来源于孙先生精生和明治都是万物长青的。这在当时呢也可以说是一种创新，我们还可以看到在这个青松的下方呢有一种非常矮小的植被，它的名字叫八角金缠他的作用主要是用来吸附灰尘净化空气的，那它的名字虽然说是叫八角但是如果你细心的观察可以发现它的叶子很多是7个角和9个角，真正8个角的应该四较为稀少的，所以正因为如此呢在民间还有这样一种传说，也就是说要是他本人真的能找到八角金蝉的8个角那么他本人很快就要交财运了。

实际上原本紫金山上的植被也本非像我们现在所看到的这么茂盛的，直到是新中国成立之后由我们南京市的第一任市长刘伯承先生当时广泛鼓励在紫金山上开展植树造林的活动，我们现在所看到的植被大多都是种植与当时的。那么南京市的市树就是各位在道路两旁所看到的雪松，而南京是在1982年的时候确定雪松为南京市的市树，而梅花是南京市的市花。那我们现在在墓道俩旁所看到的松柏实际上它的树龄也是非常久了，

因为在在民国时期国民党在建造公墓之初事先从国外移植了一批树龄本身就有30年到40年的松树和柏树，栽种在这墓道的俩旁，中山陵是1929年完工今年11年，算起来每棵树的都已经有120年之久了有的都以及超过130年了，时间是比较久的所以我们看一下现在都用铁架子给支撑起来

就像人的年纪大了给支撑起来。 ---------天

下

为

公--------

那我们在正前方所看到的一座瞻园天山顶式的建筑呢就是陵门，也就是中山陵景区的一个正大门，门楣正中上方所刻有“天下为公”四个大字也是出自当年孙中山先生的一个亲笔手书，原出自于《礼记》里面之中的大道之行也，天下为公。

天下为公是当时民国时期革命的一个奋斗目标。因为在中国古代时期的政权都是以帝王之家执政的家天下，但是孙中山先生当时是认为国家并不是某一个人的天下，而是天下人的天下，老百姓的天下。所以他一生最大的一个成就就是推翻了中国2000多年的帝王统治专制，开创了民主共和制。

我们走近的话可以看到陵门是按照中国传统的建造方式，俩小一大三拱门的形式所修建的，正中的一道拱门是关闭起来的，平时不会开一年只开俩天只有在孙中山先生的生日11月12日以及他的祭日3月12日的时候中门才会打开以此来纪念先生，但是有一次这个惯例也是被打破了，在2005年的时候台湾的三党主席连战，宋楚瑜，余补明三个来到此处，当时的中山陵景区为了表示友好也是把中间的这座拱门打开让以便三人参观。中山陵景区于1926年动工耗时3年在1929年春竣工，耗资240万俩银元这其中多是国民党内部筹资，孙中山先生天下为公的志向在国民时期得到了很多人的瞻仰。但是却伤及到了一些军阀的利益，所以在当时筹资修建中山陵的时候有一个军阀不愿意出钱便把自己家后院子里的一对石头狮子捐献了出来，后来经过可靠调研这对石头狮子是当年圆明园的遗物。便把他留了下来。

---------碑

亭

重

点--------

那我们前面的这座建筑就是碑亭正中就是孙中山先生的墓碑，正面刻有着“中国国民党 葬 总理孙先生于此，中华民国十八年六月一日”24个镏金大字，那当时孙先生是就任了临时大总统一职这里为什么说是总理呢?是因为当时孙中山先生举行的是党葬，先生在党里的职务是总理。

这碑上面的文字是当时民国时期四大书法家之一的谭延闿亲笔手书，我们都知道但是谭延闿也是当任过国民党的行政院院长，本身也是国民党元老级人物，那么在这座墓碑上所镌刻的时间中华民国十八年六月一日也就是当是在中山陵为孙中山先生举行安葬典礼的时期，也就是公历1929年的6月一号。

那我们现在到这个墓碑的正面去看一下，我们先看这个党徽，这个党徽最初的设计是凸出来的非常富有立体感，但是在文革时期中山陵这个地方是遭到了红卫兵的破坏，当时红卫兵把这个党徽是完完全全的抹掉了，抹平了。一直到1981年的时候为了纪念辛亥革命70周年，中山陵又做了一次全面的修器，当是是把这个党徽恢复起来了也就是我们现在所看到的印刻的修饰，而我们站在这里可以发现孙中山先生的墓碑并不是一个通碑而是分为三段，碑帽，碑身，还有碑座。碑的碑帽上面所刻的是朵朵的白云，碑座下面是连绵起伏的青山，之所以设计成这样的一所形式是有此来说明孙中山先生的他一生的功绩包括他本人的革命气节均是顶天而立地的这样一个含义。

下面我们在来这个墓碑的背面来看一下，走到这边我们可以看一下先生的这碑呢可以说是非常的奇特的，为什么说他奇特呢?因为在他的这块碑的背面没有任何的墓志铭，像当时在民国时期孙中山先生病逝之后国民党葬制委员会是委托了胡汉民和汪精卫来为孙先生撰写碑文，他们俩个在当时也是绞尽脑汁花了整整俩年的时间最后是一个字都没写出来，交了一张白卷，因为他们觉的孙中山先生他一生的功绩是实在是太过于伟大了，并不是用一些文字就能够表述的，而且自己本身也是才疏学浅，所以就决定让孙中山先生的革命精神留待于今，留给后人去评论。

但是我们在这个地方话也要说回来了，幸亏当时汪精卫没有在上面撰写碑文，如果要是汪精卫在上面题上碑文的话这块碑在文革期间能不能保的住都是一个问号了。

--------紫铜鼎---

那在第五层我们可以看到有一对巨大的紫铜鼎，上面刻有“奉安大典”四个大字，是当时上海市政府为纪念孙中山先生的葬礼而敬献的。那我们主要看一下左边的这个鼎，左边的这个鼎与右手边的有一个截然不同之处，当你走近你可以发现左手边的这个鼎的底部有俩个孔，这俩个孔实际上是弹孔被炮弹所击穿的，毁于当时1937年的12月13日，当时侵华日军进攻南京，有一支从汤山进攻的日本部队就遭到了在紫金山这一带设防的国民党部队的抵抗，俩只部队在这座山上发生过激烈的交锋，后来由于国民党部队的抵抗过于顽强，日军久攻不下所以就采用来远程打击炮轰这样一个策略，当时有一个榴弹炮弹落在了附近，炮弹的单片打穿了铜鼎，为我们留下了俩道历史的痕迹。包括我们现在在南京每年的12月13号我们都会拉响防空警报以此来纪念南京大屠杀遇难的30万同胞 。

------民族-民权-民生---------------------------

最高处那四个大字“天地正气”这四个字是出自孙中山先生他的一副墨宝，原文是“养天地正气，法古今完人”那么至今这副墨宝还保留在我们中国台湾的中山纪念馆。下方所看见的是先生1905年在日本创立中国同盟会时所提倡的三民主义，民族，民权，民生是当时国民党元老张静江先生所题写的民族他所代表的意识是反满，驱除鞑虏，恢复中华，也就是恢复我们汉人的统治政权;民权是博爱创立共和，民生他是最为重要，所以把他放在正中间的这个位臵代表的是土地和资产。

------总

结----

孙中山先生生前十分喜欢紫金山，早在1912年就任临时大总统的时候就曾登山游览，同年4月1日被解除临时大总统之职后来这里打猎，看到这里山水相依，气势宏伟就有了他日长眠此山的想法，当然先生葬于紫金山不仅仅是个人愿望，还有一个重要的原因，那就是南京曾是革命的策源地和临时政府所在地，先生长眠于此，表示了讨伐帝制和继续革命的决心。为了尊重孙先生的遗愿，由他的妻子宋庆龄和儿子孙科等人组成的葬事筹备处通过登报悬奖，征集陵墓设计方案，最终有年近33岁的吕彦直设计的警钟形图案被一致评为首奖。

吕彦直山东东平县人，毕业于清华大学建筑系，曾留学美国康奈儿大学深造，回国后在上海开设“彦记建筑事务所”为了设计建造中山陵呕心沥血，不辞辛劳，在工程接近尾声的时候身患肝癌，于1929年去世，年仅36岁。

吕彦直所设计的中山陵共有392个台阶寓意着当时的中国有3亿9千2百万人。台阶从下往上是只见台阶不见平台寓意着革命的道路是十分曲折的，需要同志们一同努力;而到了顶端从上往下看是只见平台不见台阶，寓意着革命成功之后的道路一定是一片平坦。也正是这种中西结合的设计方式赢得了大家的一致认同。

讲到这里，大家最关心的一定是孙先生的遗体是否仍在中山陵，孙中山先生生前很崇拜一个人，那个人就是列宁，所以孙先生逝世之前想和列宁一样安葬于水晶棺材之中，以供后人瞻仰，，但后来孙先生逝世时，苏联的玻璃钢棺材没能及时运到只好暂时安放在一口楠木棺材内，后苏联的水晶棺材送过来的时候孙先生的遗体已经入殓半个多月了，由于防腐措施不当，遗容已经不能供后人瞻仰，只好改为土葬1929年6月1日，遗体从北京迁往南京，最后把孙先生的遗体安放在了卧像下5米处从美国订购的紫铜棺内，解放后蒋介石曾想将遗体迁往台湾，但由于爆破幕式会损坏孙先生的遗体，因此作罢。所以现在孙中山先生的遗体仍在南京，仍在中山陵。