托福写作的论证方法有哪些
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托福写作的论证方法有哪些?
托福写作的论证方法有哪些?写作是需要考生提出观点的，如果考生写作内容，看着文章很普通，考官很难给托福考生高分，所以和小编一起来看看这些论证方法吧。
第一、因果法
我们可以用一句话对主题句进行因果的阐述。如同样是刚才那句主题句，我们可以再附上一句话对它进行原因的阐述，如因为现代人的压力很大，来自于各方面的压力都很大，比如工作，学习的，竞争也很激烈，所以通过终身学习能够给我们增加竞争力的砝码，让我们处于一个有利的低位。常用的引导原因状语从句的单词有because， since， as 等等。Since modern people shoulder all kinds of knowledge , includingworking pressure and studying pressure，people who enjoy life-long practice could increasetheir competitiveness in the job market.
第二、作比较
我们可以设置两种截然相反的情况，对它们带来的结果进行比较。比如我们可以说如果我们进行终审教育，那么我们可以怎么样，相反如果我们不这么做，会带来哪些不良的后果。两句话之间可以用conversely来进行连接。
第三、列数字和引文献可以放在一起使用
比如我们可以自己编一个权威机构， 如央视的英文频道cctv news.
我们可以编一个数据，根据央视新闻频道发布的一项数据表明，百分之七十的人赞成终身教育。According todata released by CCTV news channel，there are 70 percent people in favor of
life-longeducation .常用的权威机构大家可以有自己的喜好倾向，如维基百科，discovery channel 甚至大家用一些知名高校也是可以的。常用句型有如下可供选择，如：
According to a recent survey
The latest surveys show that
An investigation shows that
A survey was carried out on , the results of which were surprising.
According to an investigation,
A recent survey revealed that ,
第四、名人名言法
相关，比如可以用老子。官方网站：名人名言法就是列举一个名人，然后自己编一个名人名言，说是这个人说的，当然一定要和文章主题
托福独立写作能取得高分都有哪些好方法呢?本文环球北美考试院为大家介绍托福写作的备考方法，供大家参考阅读。
把握好独立作文重要的因素
托福独立作文最重要的因素是什么?当然是论点和论证。一篇好的作文，论点可以提纲挈领，论证可以丰富文章内容。
由于考试时间的限制，很多英语程度好的学生也会出现一些问题。比如说一个学生对作文的论点言之凿凿，但就是写不出东西，或是写不出令自己满意的句子。所以，上考场前，脑中一定要装一些东西，好的例子，好的句子等。
这里强调论据的重要性，不是忽视逻辑和论点的重要性。相反，只要你能够掌握一些万能的论据，对你谋划全篇的结构，以及段落发展，是有好处的。
论据的准备也可以称为素材，这种素材可以是一个短语，一个人名，或是一个完整的例子。这种例子能够辅佐你的乱点，能够画龙点睛。
把握好文章写作思路
怎样发展成为一篇逻辑性很强的文章呢?下面为大家介绍一些实战做法。
1.首先应该审题，尤其关注作文题目中的绝对性词汇。
比如：Improving school is most important factor to sucessful development of country. 看到most ，我们自然想到用他因法。
2.其次用20秒的时间，整理脑中所有能用的素材，让这些素材称为支持你段落的骨架，然后开始确定段落的论点。
3.尽量使你的语言句式丰富一些。
形式主语，主动，被动，动名词To do作主语，倒装句，there be，以及强调句等等。特别强调一点，为了使你文章的逻辑清晰可见，要使用逻辑连接词。
4.把握好过渡词的使用，和适当的论述方法完善你的作文，使之成为一个逻辑整体。论述方法：条件(假设)法，比如：if 我按照论点那样做，就能cause siginificant effects，除了用if，还能有with, when, only through + 方式+倒装等。
新托福独立作文的写作是有技巧可以讲究的，只要我们把作文的条理理顺，再用自己的语言组织论点和论据，丰富文章内容，然后再稍加注意一下措辞就可以了。
以上就是环球北美考试院为大家介绍的托福独立写作的相关知识，希望考生们可以仔细阅读，考出理想的成绩!
Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home countries. Why do some students study abroad?
1, first of all, students want to absorb advanced knowledge
1.1 America owns many famous universities all over the world, which attract most overseas students to come.
1.2 students in some developing countries,such as China, Indina, decide to study abroad.
For example, (In china, a research shows that more and more students decide to study abroad for further education rather than receive education in the native college)
2, what’s more, studying abroad can broaden their horizen
2.1 studying abroad provides people more chances to have access to different cultures and scenes For example, different scenes,such as ()can make people more enjoyable;
different cultures can give people flesh feeling
3, In addition, students do not like the education system in native country
3.1 every country has its education syste
m, it may not be suitable to every students
3.2 some students choose to study abroad to find a more benefiting system
For example, my roomate donnot like the grade-depend system in my country…..
Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them. 1,First of all, playing computer games really took up lots of times of children.
1.1 with the development of technoloy, computer has become more and more popular.
1.2 lots of childrens obessed in the computer games
For example, my little brother…..
2, However, we should not neglect the active part of the computer games which can help children relexed.
2.1 children experience heavy burden of homework
2.2 playing computer games can help them relieve the pressure from study.
For instance,
3, Furthermore, some computer games can help children develop their intelletual.
3.1 lots of computer games can cultivate quick reaction of children
3.2 they can learn the spirit of cooperation in some computer games
One research shows that people who like playing computer games in childish do a better in their future career than people who kept away from the computer games in the childish.
In general, as parents or teachers, we should not restrict children to play computer games. We can control the time children spend on the computer games to make sure the computer games will not affect their academic performance.
Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view.
1, First of all, with the increasing of world population, human need lots of land for farmland, housing and industry. Especially in the developing countries, the pursuit of more profits lead people to exploit more and more land for human using. For example, in China, …
2, However, we should not neglect the importance of saving land for endangered animals.
2.1 Lot of animal habitat were taken up by human, which caused the decrease of animal. Take the
Siberian Tiger for example….
2.2 meanwhile, animals are more vunerable than human to adapt the environment. Such as water pollution…..
3, Furthermore, endangered animals play an important role ecosystem, which means we should try our best to protect them.
3.1 Endangered animals can increase the diversity of the species.
3.2 Keep the balance of ecosystem
3.3 In addition ,they could provide lots of research value for human. Medicine …..
In general, we should not obtain the short term benefit in the way of sacrificing the long term benefit. So I think saving land for endangered animals is as important as human needs.
Topic: parents are more involved in their children’s education than the parents in the past.
It is not uncommon to see that parents are have incredible zael to participate into their children’s education in many perspectives. At contemporary society, parents always take part in some semilars that are related to students’s study and force their children to join the extra-curricula classes which can help their chldren to improve acdemic performance. Therefore, as far as I am considerd, nowadays, parents’ involvement in kids’ study is much more emphasized than ever before.
Compared with the parents in the past,parents at present, have a strong will to make their children more competent in the future career. With the development of the society, the compitition in the modern society is increasingly fierce than ever before. Every parents want their children not only can survive in the compitition but also want them to be successful in the future. Hence, those parents take pains to achieve this ambitions on their own way and consequently, because they think education is the gateway to seccess, they should be involved in their children’ s study and help their children as well. On the contrary, because of the low living standre, parents in the past only think how to bring chilren up and let them survive, so there is no time for them to have such ambitions. Therefore, it is reasonable for us to think that parents nowdays are more interseted in children’s education.
Additionally, it is universally acknowledged that in the modern era, parents have a extremely high expectation than in the past. Parents want their children to be versatile and prominent, which lead most part of children can not achieve this goal at all, thus, under this circumstance, parents will help children in personally that of course include preants’ participation in children’s study. By contrast, in the past, parents just make their children free and let them do what they want. Parents will not discipline children unless they make blunder. So, we can draw a conclusion that the untouchable expectation make parents involve more in the children’s study.
In conclusion, because the increasingly competitive society and high expectation make parents nowdays have more zeat in children’s study and take part in it actively. But, from my perspective, parents should give enough space for children to manage their own study.
托福综合写作中的独立写作技巧
经常有学生抱怨独立写作很少能找到比较好的范文，去看美国本土的杂志又觉得文体和词句相对托福来说太难了，也不知道美国本土学生遇到托福这样的作文会如何写。其实聪明的学生往往会发现，真正美国人要求的300字以上的独立写作文章往往可以参考综合写作的阅读和听力文章的结构及论证方法，而不用舍近求远。
首先从文章结构上看
阅读文章一共4段，第1段是总的观点，2, 3, 4段都是分论点来论证总观点，ETS一直强调：”structure is fairly important, it’s like you see someone in distance what you see is a shape first”, 四段式或五段式(加一个结尾段)是理想的文章结构。对于到底几个分论点，ETS说”one is not enough, two is coincidental and three is convincing, four is fine”, 因此对分论点的要求是两个以上为佳。我们不难发现综合作文几乎都是3个分论点。
其次从段落细节上看
第1段是作者事先进行的对文章背景的介绍“教育家们已经意识到高中对于许多同学来说是一个很困难的经历。伴随着学术挑战带来的压力，高中同时也是一个产生社交，情感，甚至是财政压力的地方。”紧接着，作者便很顺当的表明了自己的观点“而减少这些非学术压力的有效方法之一就是通过要求学生穿校服使得学生们都穿相同的衣服。”从首段看出我们想要写好开头段的方法之一便是一定要让读者觉得我们观点的提出不是那么突兀的，而要用一个背景介绍来做很好的引入，背景是这个话题所产生的时间，地点或环境，对于“校服和非学术压力”而言背景的地点应该是在学校，作者定位在了高中，时间是目前很普遍，因此作者用了完成时，而环境则是目前学生的非学术压力有哪些：社交，情感，甚至是财政，这样背景就轻而易举地写好了，独立作文中好的背景介绍是吸引读者眼球，顺水推舟的提出观点的至关重要的一步。紧接着就是表明观点，作者往往会在引入完背景和话题后表明自己的态度，表明观点会有一些提醒读者“我要表达观点了”的信号词，如：the best way to,
however/while/but, would benefit/harm; be beneficial/harmful to, be convincing, claim, far more (efficient/trustworthy), more likely等等，此文章中就用了“one of the effective way of decreasing this kind of non-academic stress is to require students to wear school uniforms”让读者很快捕捉到了作者的观点。在独立作文中清晰的表明观点是非常重要的。
第2, 3, 4段分别是3个分论点，首先分论点句的写法也是有讲究的，综合作文的分论点句往往在每段的开头就写出来了，让读者一目了然这段要写什么，如这篇文章的3个分论点句分别是每段的开头：“穿校服可以使高中花费减少”，“穿校服可以减少青少年的自卑感”，“穿校服会减少学生的欺凌行为”。
写分论点句的5个原则在于：1. 分论点句要有关键词，对于此文章来说关键词是“穿校服”、“减少”，因此分论点句中会重复出现这几个词，但是又不能每句话都用“wearing the same school uniform”和“reduce”, 这时候就要求学生有同义词替换能力，作者用的其他几个同意替换词分别为“such a policy”, “a mandatory school-uniform policy”, “eliminate”, “decrease”, 很好地避开了词汇重复。2. 分论点句要能论证总论点，也就是说分论点一定是能减少非学术压力的，那么“花费”、“自卑”、“欺凌”都是非学术压力，减少了这些，自然就证明了减少非学术压力了，因此很好的证明了总论点。3. 分论点句不能太细节，不可太长，要有可拓展性。比如说“减少花费”完全可以问个为什么，如果论点句写“减少花费是由于可以通过穿校服来减少穿贵的流行的衣服来减少花费”这就太细节了，会使得在拓展的时候不知道要写什么了，也就是说你可以接下来用解释法，举例法等来细节展开这个笼统的句子，而不是说完一句分论点句，下面都没有可说的了。4. 分论点句中不能包含2个论点，如把“减少花费和减少自卑感”放在一个论点句里来写就不合适，因为下面的论证就不知道是论证穿校服减少花费还是减少自卑感了，会显得混乱。5. 段与段分论点与分论点之间也要有衔接词，对于这篇关于校服的综合作文，作者在写三个分论点时衔接的非常恰当，用了“one of the most obvious benefits......”, “furthermore.....also”, “finally....”, 使得读者觉得很有层次感。
最后，做一个会学习的学生，要学会思考着来写作文。今天成都朗阁海外考试研究培训中心给大家总结的是从综合作文中能够学习到很多独立作文的技巧，以后会从文章展开方面给大
家提炼出更多技巧。
托福 TPO31独立写作题目
Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Because the world is changing so quickly, people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福 TPO31 独立写作范文 ：
In modern society, there is no denying that our paces speed up. A small proportion of people who cannot keep up with this trend or resist the world for the fittest, may hold a viewpoint that a mutable society leads people to less satisfaction and mitigation of sense of happiness since such a world might cause the alienation between good fellows and contamination of our environment; however, in my view, it is not the case. As a matter of fact, in a world changing more rapidly, people tend to become satisfied much more easily. First illustration which can demonstrate my opinion can be the trail of technological development. In the past five decades, millions of new inventions had appeared, entering our daily life, making it much more convenient. To name a good example, in 1896,Benz assembled the first three-wheel car in the world. Though it brought accidents and mortality to the world, we cannot deny the enjoyment of ferocious speed brought by cars, which made our jaunt convenient. We can simply drop by a old friend 100 miles, a distance taking at least half day before, away in one hour. Another good instance is the invention of smart phone. in 1972, Martin, the chief engineer in Moto devised the first portable telephone. Then, this innovation revolutionized out life. Just simply imagine what our life looked like without cell phones: people could not keep contact with their friends and exigent messages might be blocked. Then in 2007, Steve Jobs brought iPhone with Facetime to the world. The most significant aspect of Facetime is that this app allows us to communicate with actual image, not just voices. Then, how can we state that modern society steals the sense of fraternity among people? Second demonstration which can help me develop my view that a rapidly changing society makes people more satisfied is the use of new energy resources. We may still remember the Great Smog, one of the gravest air pollution accidents in our history due to the heavily gathered inversion layer of sulfur dioxide originated with burning of coal in 1950s, London. People died of respiratory diseases after inhalation of poisonous air. How can they live happily in a world brimmed with pollutions? But nowadays, we have developed new energy resources to tackle this problem such as hydropower and wind power. To name an example, in 2007, nuclear power plants generate 14% of the total electricity of the US, thus saving tons of coals and reducing the level of inhalable particles. Recently, governments and organizations have taken measures to support researches of renewable resources and to find substitutes for fossil fuels. Natural reserves and sanctuaries are established, places of interest and spots are refurbished, and factories and manufacturers with pestilent exhaust are shut down. People therefore are provided with much more opportunities to relax by enjoying the beauty of nature. To draw a conclusion, in a world that is rapidly changing, we are offered a variety of brand-new experiences and highly evolved products, which make life much easier than before. We are in a world filled with convenience brought by high technologies that develop so fast. Then, how can we blame on the changing world while enjoying happiness and satisfactions originated from them?
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