托福综合独立写作提纲
Many students choose to attend schools or universities outside their home countries. Why do some students study abroad?
1, first of all, students want to absorb advanced knowledge
1.1 America owns many famous universities all over the world, which attract most overseas students to come.
1.2 students in some developing countries,such as China, Indina, decide to study abroad.
For example, (In china, a research shows that more and more students decide to study abroad for further education rather than receive education in the native college)
2, what’s more, studying abroad can broaden their horizen
2.1 studying abroad provides people more chances to have access to different cultures and scenes For example, different scenes,such as ()can make people more enjoyable;
different cultures can give people flesh feeling
3, In addition, students do not like the education system in native country
3.1 every country has its education syste
m, it may not be suitable to every students
3.2 some students choose to study abroad to find a more benefiting system
For example, my roomate donnot like the grade-depend system in my country…..
Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them. 1,First of all, playing computer games really took up lots of times of children.
1.1 with the development of technoloy, computer has become more and more popular.
1.2 lots of childrens obessed in the computer games
For example, my little brother…..
2, However, we should not neglect the active part of the computer games which can help children relexed.
2.1 children experience heavy burden of homework
2.2 playing computer games can help them relieve the pressure from study.
For instance,
3, Furthermore, some computer games can help children develop their intelletual.
3.1 lots of computer games can cultivate quick reaction of children
3.2 they can learn the spirit of cooperation in some computer games
One research shows that people who like playing computer games in childish do a better in their future career than people who kept away from the computer games in the childish.
In general, as parents or teachers, we should not restrict children to play computer games. We can control the time children spend on the computer games to make sure the computer games will not affect their academic performance.
Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view.
1, First of all, with the increasing of world population, human need lots of land for farmland, housing and industry. Especially in the developing countries, the pursuit of more profits lead people to exploit more and more land for human using. For example, in China, …
2, However, we should not neglect the importance of saving land for endangered animals.
2.1 Lot of animal habitat were taken up by human, which caused the decrease of animal. Take the
Siberian Tiger for example….
2.2 meanwhile, animals are more vunerable than human to adapt the environment. Such as water pollution…..
3, Furthermore, endangered animals play an important role ecosystem, which means we should try our best to protect them.
3.1 Endangered animals can increase the diversity of the species.
3.2 Keep the balance of ecosystem
3.3 In addition ,they could provide lots of research value for human. Medicine …..
In general, we should not obtain the short term benefit in the way of sacrificing the long term benefit. So I think saving land for endangered animals is as important as human needs.
独立写作
Paragraph 1
改写题目，用引发读者兴趣的语言表明全文的主旨。
展开(开门见山、下定义、设问、排比、引谚语、引数据、欲扬先抑) Paragraph 2
Topic Sentence——引出第一个分论点 展开(事例、列举、比较、因果、假设、让步) Paragraph 3
Topic Sentence——引出第二个分论点 展开(事例、列举、比较、因果、假设、让步) Paragraph 4
Topic Sentence——引出第三个分论点 展开(事例、列举、比较、因果、假设、让步) Paragraph 5
再次总结观点。
结尾(提出警告、展望未来、权衡利弊、引用名言、反问加强)
观点的选择：尽量选择一方，中立也要有所倾向。
2. 分类梳理(形式分类下每类写3篇全文，内容分类下每类写3篇思路)：
①Agreeing or Disagreeing
Passage 1
What does the word “game” mean to you? Different people can tell different answers. Some may say “Game means to win”, and others may say “Game means to challenge ourselves.” However, in my point of view, having fun and enjoying the process are always the real meaning of the “game”. Accordingly, playing a game is fun no matter you lose or win, as long as you join it heart and soul.
First and foremost, participants are able to get great joy during the process of the game. A proverb has it that “the most important thing is to participate”. So even though the final result is not very satisfactory, or even worse, we can still find something precious and enjoyable when we join the game. For instance, I played a geography game with my classmates during the summer camp last year. Each group was asked to follow several clues and find the final destination with a GPS receiver. Though we came from different nations, my partners and I discussed thoroughly and cooperated closely. We successfully found the final position in a short time. Even though we only made it third, in other word we actually lost the game, we still had great fun and felt really proud of our dedicate collaboration.
Furthermore, beside success, failure can also teach us a lot and those we learned from failures may turn into greater happiness later. Life is always filled with bitter and sweet, so one can never expect to win all the time, even in the game. Although feeling frustrated and depressed, we can always draw some lessons and get precious experiences from those failures or debacles. It looks as if we lost a game, but in fact we acquired so many knowledge and skills which would help us a lot in the future and had a better understanding of our life. For example, a gifted basketball player might be selfish and overconfident when he enters a team. But after a fiasco, he is sure to understand that basketball is game of 5 people and start to enjoy the close collaboration with his teammates.
In conclusion, although victory can give us great happiness, it is not the only fun we can have from games. If we can treat failures with a positive attitude, we will be more likely to get greater achievements and joy in the future.
②Stating a Preference
Passage 1
“Every bean has its black”, as the saying goes. The rapid development of automobile industry has p more and more choices to consumers and made the transportation much more convenient than it used to be. Even though the prosperity of automobiles has also caused some thorny problems, I believe that its benefits are so great that it will be unfair to neglect them and emphasize the negative effects only.
Imagine living in a metropolis where neither cars nor buses can be available. How terrible could this be? It’s automobiles that has improved modern transportation greatly and connected different parts of the land together. Although more and more people choose to get work on foot or by bicycle, in order to reduce the air pollution, there are still over 80% of people, according to a recent survey, travel by automobile in the morning. Thus, automobiles are still the first choice when people go out because they’re fast, convenient and safe. There’s no doubt that automobiles have played such an important, even irreplaceable, role in the transportation nowadays that they are considered as a fundamental element of modern life.
On the other hand, it’s true that the development of automobiles has caused a series of issues. For example, cars all over the world will produce millions of tons of carbon dioxide each year, a number that is huge enough to increase the greenhouse effect and further heat up the Earth. Many other serious environmental problems like floods and droughts might come about afterwards. However, I have to say that though it looks as if those negative effects are inevitable, it doesn’t mean we have no idea to reach a balance between development and environment friendly. Many scientist and engineers are striving for a breakthrough in developing a new fuel that is clean, efficient, and
cheap. We have good reasons to believe that one day people will find the final answer to the conflict caused by automobiles and achieve real sustainable development.
As I have mentioned above, pollutions, traffic jam, noises, all of these can be great challenges for the development of automobiles. However, we cannot deny that automobiles have made significant contributions towards the modern society.
③Giving an Explanation
Passage 1
“Each has his own ideal”, as the saying goes. Different people may have different answer to the question “why do people attend universities?” Expecting to learn some advanced knowledge, dreaming about experiencing something new or exciting, meeting some lifetime friends. All of these can be reasons why people attend colleges and universities. However, in my opinion, people attend college or university mainly to find their real interest and design a blueprint for their own future, including their careers, workplaces, families, etc.
First of all, students are usually mature enough to start thinking about their future when they attend college or university. Take one of my friends, Inn, as an example. Inn always had many different thoughts when he was a high school student. He initially wanted to be a scientist, then an engineer like his father, and finally he told me that he found an interest in psychology when he graduated from high school. However, when he attended the university and really got the chance to think over and design his own future, he found that his real interest is architecture. So he chose architecture and design as his major and did an excellent job during his undergraduate studies. Now he’s pursuing for his graduate degree and preparing to go abroad to study with his girlfriend. It is university that gives Inn, as well as other people, I suppose, a chance to plan and prepare for their future carefully and helps them lead a
happy life.
So it’s right time for people to plan for their journey in front when they enter university and, in fact, university is the very place where they can choose their own directions freely and follow their bent. There are thousands of universities all over the world and in each country there are some good universities for its people to get high-quality education and prepare for their career. What’s more, each university or colleges consists of many different departments and schools so that it can offer students a large amount of courses in different areas. Accordingly, universities and colleges are ideal places for students to find a right track for their life and pursuing for the excellence on their own way.
In conclusion, as I have shown above, I think people attend college or university mainly for a good chance to find their life goals.
④Making an Argument
Passage 1
The Mid-autumn day, which is endowed with lots of meanings by Chinese people, is considered as one of the most important festivals in China. On this day, Chinese families will have a reunion and share a wonderful night together. Among all the activities we will do on the Mid-autumn day, viewing the moon is undoubtedly the most indispensible one. Just as the festival itself, moon-viewing is also granted with many beautiful feelings by Chinese people. So the Mid-autumn festival is the custom that I would like people from other countries to adopt.
First of all, the Moon on the Mid-autumn day is always the most beautiful one of the year. Not only because its brightness and fullness, but also its beauty and clearness can be shared by the whole family. On the dusk of Mid-autumn day, a bright Moon will come over the horizon as soon as the Sun goes down. Thus as long as the sky is clear, the Moon can be seen all night on Mid-autumn. That is to say, whenever the families go out, they can always find the gorgeous moon in the sky. Nowadays, people are always too busy to spend their precious time staying with their families; the Mid-autumn day, however, offers people a wonderful chance to have a family reunion
and communicate with their families. It would be such a nice thing if the family sat down together in the yard and watched the Moon blissfully.
If Moon viewing had the only meaning of family reunion or festival celebration, it wouldn’t be so widely considered as one of the most enjoyable event. When people look at the Moon on the Mid-autumn day, they are often amazed and they would immerse themselves in thought under the moonlight. The raw beauty and clearness of the Moon can always stir them to the depth of their souls and evoke the tenderest emotions in their hearts. Su Shi, one of the most famous poets in China, wrote down his best-known composition under the mid-autumn moon. People living in foreign places may also think of their family and friends in the far-away land; on the Mid-autumn night, when they look up the sky, the dazzling moon can be such a consolation.
In conclusion, as I’ve said above, viewing the moon on the Mid-autumn day is such an enjoyable tradition for Chinese people that I would like to introduce this beautiful custom to people from other countries. I hope all the people can find their beautiful “moon” on Mid-autumn night, as well as the precious emotions in their life.
吕欣泽：浅谈托福独立写作题型及策略
2013-07-30 10:44小马过河admin分享到：
摘要：从题型上来讲，托福独立写作分为绝对型、对比型和隐藏all型。针对不同的题型，我们对症下药，就会拥有手到擒来的写作拓展方法，这样，在紧张的考场上看到相应的题型，我们就可以像给老朋友打招呼一样轻松自然了。
(一) 绝对型
绝对型的题型一般是题目中含有最高级和绝对化的频率词的题，那么，针对这种类型的题目，我们又哪些策略呢?我给大家推荐的是两种态度，四种方法。当然，这两种态度就是“同意”和“不同意”，当同意的时候，我们可以采用“一边倒”的策略，说A好处1，A好处2和A好处3，每个好处各成一个主体段，这样文章就成型了;在同一的态度下，第二种方法就是若转折，即前两个主体段可以分别阐述A好处1和A好处2，第三个主体段可以进行一个弱弱的转折，稍微说一下B也好，这样，既凑了字数，也向考官展现了自己全面的思维;在“不同意”的态度下，我们也可以按照“A好——A有缺陷——B也好”的结构谋篇布局;也可以按照“A好——B好——C也好的结构”进行展开。
(二) 对比型
对比型的题目即为事物之间进行比较。针对这类题型，共有两种态度，三类写法。在“同意”的态度下，我们可以采用A1>B1，A2>B2，A3>B3的写法进行写作，即把两个不同的事物统一在三个相同的维度下进行比较;在“不同意”的态度下，我们有两种写法，我们依旧可以按照“A好——A有缺陷——B也好”的结构谋篇布局;也可以按照“A好——B好——C也好的结构”进行展开。
(三) 隐藏all型
隐藏all型实质上就是含蓄的绝对型，它在写法上和绝对型有异曲同工之处，却也忽悠区别。在这种提醒下，我想推荐两种写法，首先是“同意”的太对下，我们依旧可以继续采用“A好处1，A好处2和A好处3”的一边倒写法进行展开，如果是在“不同意”的态度下，我们可以采用“A有好处——A也有不好的地方”的逻辑顺序进行展开，当然，也可以采用分类讨论的写法，其实分类讨论的写法是一种变了形的“让步——转折”，在逻辑上遵循的是一样的规律和道理。
以上谈了这么多理论上的话，但是还是需要同学们先分析归纳题型，然后按照不同的题型不同的方法进行练习，对症下药确实可以在考场上为我们节省大量宝贵的时间，加油哦!
托福综合写作中的独立写作技巧
经常有学生抱怨独立写作很少能找到比较好的范文，去看美国本土的杂志又觉得文体和词句相对托福来说太难了，也不知道美国本土学生遇到托福这样的作文会如何写。其实聪明的学生往往会发现，真正美国人要求的300字以上的独立写作文章往往可以参考综合写作的阅读和听力文章的结构及论证方法，而不用舍近求远。
首先从文章结构上看
阅读文章一共4段，第1段是总的观点，2, 3, 4段都是分论点来论证总观点，ETS一直强调：”structure is fairly important, it’s like you see someone in distance what you see is a shape first”, 四段式或五段式(加一个结尾段)是理想的文章结构。对于到底几个分论点，ETS说”one is not enough, two is coincidental and three is convincing, four is fine”, 因此对分论点的要求是两个以上为佳。我们不难发现综合作文几乎都是3个分论点。
其次从段落细节上看
第1段是作者事先进行的对文章背景的介绍“教育家们已经意识到高中对于许多同学来说是一个很困难的经历。伴随着学术挑战带来的压力，高中同时也是一个产生社交，情感，甚至是财政压力的地方。”紧接着，作者便很顺当的表明了自己的观点“而减少这些非学术压力的有效方法之一就是通过要求学生穿校服使得学生们都穿相同的衣服。”从首段看出我们想要写好开头段的方法之一便是一定要让读者觉得我们观点的提出不是那么突兀的，而要用一个背景介绍来做很好的引入，背景是这个话题所产生的时间，地点或环境，对于“校服和非学术压力”而言背景的地点应该是在学校，作者定位在了高中，时间是目前很普遍，因此作者用了完成时，而环境则是目前学生的非学术压力有哪些：社交，情感，甚至是财政，这样背景就轻而易举地写好了，独立作文中好的背景介绍是吸引读者眼球，顺水推舟的提出观点的至关重要的一步。紧接着就是表明观点，作者往往会在引入完背景和话题后表明自己的态度，表明观点会有一些提醒读者“我要表达观点了”的信号词，如：the best way to,
however/while/but, would benefit/harm; be beneficial/harmful to, be convincing, claim, far more (efficient/trustworthy), more likely等等，此文章中就用了“one of the effective way of decreasing this kind of non-academic stress is to require students to wear school uniforms”让读者很快捕捉到了作者的观点。在独立作文中清晰的表明观点是非常重要的。
第2, 3, 4段分别是3个分论点，首先分论点句的写法也是有讲究的，综合作文的分论点句往往在每段的开头就写出来了，让读者一目了然这段要写什么，如这篇文章的3个分论点句分别是每段的开头：“穿校服可以使高中花费减少”，“穿校服可以减少青少年的自卑感”，“穿校服会减少学生的欺凌行为”。
写分论点句的5个原则在于：1. 分论点句要有关键词，对于此文章来说关键词是“穿校服”、“减少”，因此分论点句中会重复出现这几个词，但是又不能每句话都用“wearing the same school uniform”和“reduce”, 这时候就要求学生有同义词替换能力，作者用的其他几个同意替换词分别为“such a policy”, “a mandatory school-uniform policy”, “eliminate”, “decrease”, 很好地避开了词汇重复。2. 分论点句要能论证总论点，也就是说分论点一定是能减少非学术压力的，那么“花费”、“自卑”、“欺凌”都是非学术压力，减少了这些，自然就证明了减少非学术压力了，因此很好的证明了总论点。3. 分论点句不能太细节，不可太长，要有可拓展性。比如说“减少花费”完全可以问个为什么，如果论点句写“减少花费是由于可以通过穿校服来减少穿贵的流行的衣服来减少花费”这就太细节了，会使得在拓展的时候不知道要写什么了，也就是说你可以接下来用解释法，举例法等来细节展开这个笼统的句子，而不是说完一句分论点句，下面都没有可说的了。4. 分论点句中不能包含2个论点，如把“减少花费和减少自卑感”放在一个论点句里来写就不合适，因为下面的论证就不知道是论证穿校服减少花费还是减少自卑感了，会显得混乱。5. 段与段分论点与分论点之间也要有衔接词，对于这篇关于校服的综合作文，作者在写三个分论点时衔接的非常恰当，用了“one of the most obvious benefits......”, “furthermore.....also”, “finally....”, 使得读者觉得很有层次感。
最后，做一个会学习的学生，要学会思考着来写作文。今天成都朗阁海外考试研究培训中心给大家总结的是从综合作文中能够学习到很多独立作文的技巧，以后会从文章展开方面给大
家提炼出更多技巧。
托福独立写作评分标准
5分
Effectively addresses the topic and task Well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and or details Displays unity, progression, and coherence Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors 4分
Addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated Generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explorations, exemplifications, and or details
Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression, or unclear connections
Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning
3分
Addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and or details Displays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscured
May demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning
May display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary
2分
Limited development in response to the topic and task Inadequate organization or connection of ideas Inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or details to support or illustrate generalizations in response to the task
A noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word forms An accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage 1分
Serious disorganization or underdevelopment Little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the task Serious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage
(本文做主朗阁海外考试研究中心：黄蓉，由成都朗阁上传，转载请注明出处)
通常，在新托福独立作文中，考生往往会遇到许多不同的话题。但基本上以教育、领导、儿童、环境、生活、成功、政府、道德等比较贴近我们的日常生活和学习的话题为主，当然也有很多是讲人生哲理和道理的。而我们的前人已经给我们总结出了许多富有哲理、语言优美，同时又通俗易懂的名言警句，我们在写作文时，可以适当引用，放在句首作为背景或话题引入，亦或是作为论据放在段落中间，都是不错的选择。下面朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家给大家介绍一些有关教育、领导、环境等话题的可用名人妙语。
一、关于教育
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is better to choose a university whose graduates have good job opportunities than a university who has famous professors.
题目翻译：选择有好的工作机会的学校还是选择有知名教授的学校?
思考：那么知名教授对比工作机会，能给学生带来更多的什么呢?
从古至今人们一直在讨论老师这个角色给我们带来的春风雨露，因此有大量的名言值得大家借鉴，比如以下这句就可以放在作文的开头作为引起考官兴趣的段子：
Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day. Teach a man to fish and he will eat for a lifetime. Teach a man to create an artificial shortage of fish and he will eat steak.
-------jay leno
翻译：授人以鱼只救一时之急。授人以渔则解一生之需。授人竭泽而渔，则其将另觅他食。 这里，授人以鱼可表示一个好的工作机会的offer, 而授人以渔可以表示普通老师的教授方法，而授人竭泽而渔，则可表示知名教授不一样的教学方法，同学们引入了之后便可对这句话进行适当解释，进而引入话题，表明观点等，就能把文章的亮点凸显出来。
二、关于环境与发展
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Governments should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development. 翻译：你是否同意：政府应该关注环境保护而不是经济发展。
思考：大家都知道环保的重要性，如果你能用上几句这样诗般的话作为开头引入与表明观点，考官一定大加赞赏：
There is a proverb going like this:
Only when the last tree has been cut down.
Only when the last river has been poisoned.
Only when the last fish has been caught.
Only then will you find that money cannot be eaten.
-----北美印第安克里族预言
只有当最后一棵树被砍了
只有当最后一支河流被污染了
只有当最后的鱼被抓了
只有这个时候你才会发现钱不能吃。
这几句话非常切题，恰到好处地证明了环境保护和经济发展之间的关系：环境破坏给人们带来的灾难是经济无法弥补的。
或者也可以将这样一句意味深长的名言放在文章的中间作为例证：
When the well’s dry, we know the worth of water.
------Benjamin Franklin
当井水枯竭时，我们方可知道水的价值：即水的价值不是钱能衡量的。
三、关于领导
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: The most important character for a politician or leader is good communication skills.
题目翻译：你是否同意：一个政治家或领导最重要的特点是拥有良好的沟通技能。
对于领导这个话题，有很多名言可以参考，考生可以在确定观点后再选择名言。一个政治家或首领需要具备的素质有很多，如：决策力、沟通能力、亲和力、组织能力等。
如果你觉得最重要的是决策力，则可用以下名言表达观点：
If I had to sum up in one word what makes a good manager, I’d say decisiveness. You can use the fanciest computers to gather the numbers but in the end you have to set a timetable and act.
-------lee Iacocca(实业家)
翻译：如果一定要我用一个词概括出什么让一个人成为优秀的管理者，我会说是决断力。你能用最高级的电脑收集数据，但最终你还得设立一个时间表并采取行动。
这句话恰到好处的表达出为什么决策力是最重要的，没有决策力其他再怎么准备也没有用。
还有一些关于领导需要具备的素质的名言可供大家参考，如充分信任部下，激励他人等等，都可以作为考生所认为的最重要的素质：
The best leader is the one who has the sense to surround himself with outstanding people and self- restraint not to meddle with how they do their jobs. 翻译：最出色的领导能有意识的让杰出的人围绕在他身边为他做事，并能控制住自己不去干预他们的工作。
Management is nothing more than motivating other people.
翻译：管理无非是激励他人。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Talented people’s leadership is inborn and can’t be learned by people.
题目翻译：你是否同意：领导才能是天生的，不可后天学习。
思考：到底领导才能是天生的还是学出来的?我们来看看肯尼迪大总统这个伟大的领导者怎么说：
Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other.
-------John F. Kennedy
领导能力和学习这两者是不可或缺的。
因此下面只要论证学习是很重要的，好的领导也是靠一部分学习练成的即可。
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