书评英文版

第1篇：书评英文版

简爱书评英文版

1. Introduction

1.1. Title (underline)/author:

Jane Eyre is a novel written by charlotte Bronte (1816—1855).charlotte brought was born at Thornton in Yorkshire, England, the third of six children. She is a famous novelist as well as her two sisters in nineteenth century. They are all influenced by their father’s library of Walter Scott, Byron, Tales of genii and the Arabian Nights. Her novels have become enduring classic of English literature.

1.2. Publication information:

Jane Eyre was first published in1847 in London. Charlotte with her sisters, Emily and Anne published a joint collection of poetry under the assumed names of Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell.

1.3. A brief introduction to the book and the report/review

The main part of the story happened in Lowood and in Mr. Rochester’s house, Thorufield Hall. Jane Eyre experienced a hard life and found her happy life.

2. Body

2.1. What the book is about?

Jane Eyre is a story can be interpreted as an autobiographical novel of Bronte. The heroine of the book, Jane Eyre, is an orphan, born in a poor family. Because that her parents have contracted typhoid fever, one after another died in this. Young Jane goes to her uncle’s home, but her uncle died in a few days. Jane began to suffer a discrimination and abuse life due to the assault against the cousin. She was sent to an orphanage in Lowood. She lived in there and continued to be spiritual and physical destruction. After Jane experienced a tough life she graduates from Lowood, she found a job as a professional tutor in Rochester’s’, Thornfield. After they meet for some time, they began to love each other. Although they meet some unhappy things in their love, Jane married him and has an ideal happy life.

2.2. Characters:

Jane Eyre is a lovely, kindness, gentleness girl. She has a noble mind, a strong will and a capacity for love. Jane Eyre has a huge courage to pursue her own happiness; her spirits on this is very great.

2.3. My opinions about the book:

Jane Eyre is a story can be interpreted as an autobiographical novel of Bronte. Jane’s experience is very similar to Bront. the most impress me is that Jane while longer looks flats, as humble, but do not give up on themselves, and does not vanity, her kindness, gentleness, courage to pursue their own happiness. And finally as the original in order to repay. Her experience made me understood the formation of the original concept of love.

3. Conclusion:

3.1. Compared Jane’s experience with Bronte, the story can be looked as an autobiographical novel. The story is a pure fiction, it tell us we should overcome the unlucky life to find our happy life. Jane is a good example to us on pursues true love. No matte what happened, we pursued and will gain the things we wanted.

第2篇：英文版《龙族》书评

The Boy in White T-shirt

The book named Dragon Raja played a seriously important role in my high school .This popular Chinese novel has accompanied me for five years and is highly possible to become my company for the next fifty years.

The series of novels based on fantasy as well as reality make up an amazing world which just is the young’s cup of tea. Therefore, one of its shining spots is “Imagination and the perfect combination of youthful enthusiasm”. The book has not been finished, and the writer is writing nowadays.

To begin with, some critics regarded it as “the Chinese Harry Porter”. However, the Dragon RajaⅢ(The Dark Moon Tide)finished on 3/20/2014 and were extremely welcomed by readers, which proved its charm and strength as a classic in fantasy filed. In a simple way, it gives a vivid account of the process of the young’s growing-up; in a deeper level, it expresses the fight between people and machine in the modern industrial civilization. My favorite character in the novel is a supporting role, a Chinese boy named Zihang Chu .He is not only a typical top student but a “crazy”, a man as precise as a watch. The boy in white T-shirt with a black tennis bag on his back, just came into my life in a pouring rainy day, and became my idol and friend from the first sight. His parents divorced in his childhood and his mother married a rich businessman soon. He looked forward to the warmth of family but he cannot tell it. His father was missing in a mystery in connection with Cassel College in a rainy day. In order to get information about his father, after graduating from high school Chu applied to study at the Cassel College, a mysterious school in America.Certainly,the adventure started.

There is no doubt that Chu is an excellent person, physically and mentally. However, it is not his good looking or high IQ but his will and self-control that attract me and millions of readers. Influenced by his father, Chu is strict with himself .Whatever difficulties he is confronted with, he never backs away. Several times death is coming right straight, he just runs out. It is sure that “danger” is exaggerated in a fantasy. His spirits of facing things bravely inspire me a lot in real life, though. Whenever I get into tricky situation, thinking the boy that firmly handles the sword and never gives up, I will feel courage and motivation to go ahead. In fact, Chu is silent and has little facial expressions, what he really cares is action. In human society, he is like an alien. There is something with him, the loneliness. In the author’s word, Chu “is like a lonely wolf”, he tries his best to find out about his father’s secrets at any costs. He owns big power at the cost of lifetime, risks his life to complete tasks, never backs away.

In my heart, Chu is a just a kid, forcing himself to do everything he thinks he can.If he cannot finish, then that is his fault. He is someone that hasn’t gained warmth but wants others to feel warm. There is a word in the book, “lonely kid hides in heart”.Chu is that boy, the boy bound to be a king.

Loneliness, responsibility, courage, and warmth, these are cherished qualities I feel from Chu. The story of Dragon RajaⅣ has started and Chu plays an important part in it.The adventure continues, and the growing-up never ends up The boy in white T-shirt disappears in crowds.What fine weather it is!

第3篇：怦然心动 书评英文版

Everyone Should Have a Sycamore Tree

——Book review of Flipped

2015312179 于洋

When I read this book, my feelings changed with the characters. Sometimes I was even moved to tears. After finishing it, I kept thinking, why this book touched me so much? Then I realized that every book that made me think of myself impressed me most. In the process of this book, I saw myself sometimes so persistent in something, I saw my father held me and answered my confusions patiently, I saw how my best friend had ever hurt me... ... The following contents are how I feel about this book and what I learn from it. Do the right thing. Bryce’s grandfather was a very wise man. He ever told Bryce, “ The choices you make now will affect you for the rest of your life.Do the right thing.” Sometimes we are faced with choices, it really needs courage to do the right thing. At first, we may be shy or embarrassed and choose to lean back. In the long run, it will become our usual practice and shape our personality. What we should is breaking the ice. Just stand out and do the thing we really want to do, say the words that from our heart. After doing this one time, we will find how happy and released it is. Wearing a mask is so tough and awful. You didn’t give me the best, but you give me all. In the book, there was a paragraph between Juli and her dad.Her dad told her: “Julianna, I’m trying to tell you is I’m sorry.There was so much I want to give you.All of you.I guess I didn’t see until recently how I’ve actually provided.”

“I think you know my heart’s been in the right place, but if you line it up objectively,a man like,say,Mr.Loski adds up to a much better husband and father than a man like me does. He’s around more,he provides more and probably he’s a lot more fun.”

But Juli told him: “Dad, I don’t care how it cooks on paper, I think you’re the best dad ever! And when I marry somebody someday, I sure don’t want him to be like Mr.Loski!I want him to be like you.”

It’s so warm and touching. It is love that makes us feel the sunshine , kindness,and warmth in the world.That reminds me of my father.When I was a little girl, my family went through a tough time. We were too poor to buy me any toys , beautiful clothes, or delicious snacks. As I grow up, the situation becomes better and better in the efforts of my parents. But dad often felt guilty and said something like he didn’t give me I should have. Actually, I feel very satisfied and happy. Because he and mom are both kind and warmhearted people and they educated me to be like this. They seldom have arguements and provided a harmonious, loving home for me. We love and care about each other all the time.That is the most important thing. No one can compare with the one you love. How do you feel when you fall in love with someone? There are many descriptions about it in the book: “My heart stopped. It just stopped beating.And for the first time in my life, I had the feeling, like the world is moving all around you,all beneath you, all inside you, and you’re floating.Floating in the midair. And the only thing keeping you from drifting away is the other person’s eyes.They’re connected to yours by some invisible physical force, and they hold you fast while the rest of the world swirls and twirls and falls completely away.”

That’s a wonderful and beautiful paragraph, which is exactly the feeling of heartbeat, pure and clean. When Bryce flipped: “My heart lurched. What was she laughing about?What were they talking about?How could she sit there and look so...beautiful?”

It’s obvious he was very jealous at that moment. And he kept thinking no girls could compare with her, Juli was so different. Like his granddad told him: “Some of us get dipped in flat,some in stain, some in gloss...but every once in a while you find someone who’s iridescent, and when you do, nothing will ever compare.”

That’s one of my favorite part in this book. We always say that finding our Mr.Right or Miss.Right, but what kind of person is just the right one? The one who can be the best in your heart. It doesn’t mean ignoring her or his shortcomings, but appreciating that person’s difference, making it special. Juli was a kind girl. Maybe in the book, we tend to say she was how special, how different. Actually, she couldn’t be more ordinary. Her family was not rich, she didn’t have any super talent on anything.Then why she got so much love and happiness? She had the courage to be herself. She saw the amazing views in the tree, then she insist on protecting it; she liked Bryce, then she always followed him; she hatched the eggs, then she fed them in the yard... She did the things she thought was right and didn’t care what others said. Her family all of these experience made her cherish others’ love and care about other people very much. Such a good girl deserved to be loved. Everyone should have a sycamore tree, in which we watch different views and become different ourselves.

第4篇：《人类理解论》书评,中文版

《人类理解论》简评 作者简介

约翰·洛克(1632.8.29~1704.10.28)，英国哲学家、经验主义的开创人，同时也是第一个全面阐述宪政民主思想的人，在哲学以及政治领域都有重要影响。代表著作主要有：《论宽容异教的通讯》《政府论两篇》《人类理解论》《人类悟性论》等。 著作概述

《人类理解论》一书是英国著名哲学家约翰.洛克的哲学代表著作。本书从1671年写起，直到1687年才完成，在1690年出版。《人类理解论》这一著作在西方哲学史上起到承前启后的作用，洛克在这部著作中所提出并要解决的中心问题是关于人类知识的起源、可靠性和范围。 著作要点

从哲学的继承性上看，洛克走的是弗兰西斯.培根和托马斯.霍布斯的路线，即知识起源于感觉、经验——而不是来自什么“天赋”。可以说，洛克是进一步发展了感觉主义的一个典型的英国经验主义者。

在洛克之前，法国哲学家笛卡尔提出了所谓的“天赋观念”，即人类最基本的知识或观念并不借助于感觉、经验，而是与生俱来的或天赋的东西。而洛克在哲学上(认识论上)的出发点就是在大力驳斥“天赋观念”的同时，针锋相对地提出了与洛克的名字分不开的——白板说。白板的意思是说，人类没有感觉、经验之前(譬如，初生的婴儿)的心理状态就像一张白纸一样，上面并没有任何字迹，即没有任何观念。洛克说人类的知识都是以经验为基础的，而且归根到底都是从经验中来的。洛克提出认识论上的白板说是针对“天赋观念”论而发的。

洛克认知地论证了人类知识起源于经验，而经验就是客观世界的事物作用于感官的结果。正如马克思和恩格斯所说的，如果说“霍布斯把培根的学说系统化了，但他没有更详尽地论证培根关于知识和观念起源于感性世界的基本原则”，那么，“洛克在他论人类知识的起源的著作中，论证了培根和霍布斯的原则”(马克思、恩格斯：《神圣家族》)。

在《人类理解论》一书中，洛克探讨了知识和观念起源于感觉经验这一经验论的基本原则，他把经验分为两类，即外部经验和内部经验。洛克所说的外部经验是指客观世界的事物对人类的感觉器官发生作用的结果，他把这种经验叫做感觉，而他所谓内部经验，是“心灵的本身活动”，他把这种经验叫做反省。

正如他把经验分为两类一样，洛克把客观世界的事物的本质也分为两类，即第一性质和第二性质。第一性质是指客观事物的广延性、形状、不可入性、运动、静止、体积等等，他认为这类性质是不以人的知觉为转移而客观存在的，是在事物的任何变化下都会保存着的;而第二性质是指事物的颜色、声音、气味、口味等等而言的，洛克认为第二性质是主观的、即不是事物本身所固有的，它好像是认识的主体通过感官附加到客观世界事物上似的，这样说来，势必得出，如果没有眼睛来看，那么煤就不是黑色的，如果没有耳朵来听，那么打雷也就没有声音了。后来的英国哲学家贝克莱正是利用洛克关于第二性质的说法，指出第一性质也是主观的而不是客观事物所固有的。 著作地位

《人类理解论》首先批判了法国哲学家笛卡尔主张知识起源上的所谓“天赋观念”以及德意志哲学家莱布尼茨的所谓“天赋实践原则”，并且提出了他那个著名的白板论，即认识的唯一来源是经验。洛克在本书中所阐述的哲学观点既为法国百科全书派的启蒙思想家开辟了道路，也为后来的贝克莱和休谟的经验论深化指明了方向。

第5篇：Review of Pride and Prejudice (傲慢与偏见英文书评)

Review of Pride and Prejudice

--Rassendyll Yan

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is regarded as one of the most famous English literature ever since it was first published in 1813. The book telling a story of the Bennets with five daughters but no sons has a micro but deep insight of society and human nature. The title covers two main psychological features of general people which are shown in the characters of the novel of which, more specifically, „pride‟ indicates Mr. Darcy, the hero, while „prejudice‟ indicates Miss Elizabeth Bennet, the heroin.

Summary The novel begins with the entrance of a rich bachelor, Mr. Bingley with his two sisters, Caroline Bingley and Luisa Hurst and his friend, Mr. Darcy to Longbourn and Mr.s Bennet‟s requiring her husband call upon the newcomers to see if one of theirs five daughters can marry the gentleman. Mr. Bingley is attracted by Jane Bennet, the eldest of the five at their first meeting, they fall in love with each other after several balls and at the mean time, Elizabeth Bennet the second eldest of the five seizes the attention of Mr. Darcy. However, because of family dignity from the man and the prejudice caused by imprudent judgment of the lady, the Darcy-Lizzy relationship hasn‟t the same development as that of Mr. Bingley and Jane, the prejudice of which has deepened even further with the appearance of Mr. Wickham, the son of Mr. Darcy‟s late father‟s steward, and his intended wrong saying of Mr. Darcy. And Elizabeth is even fond of Wickham herself. When the Bennets and the neighborhood observe the development of Mr. Bingley and Jane, Mr. Collins pays a visit to Longbourn who is the cousin of the girls and the heir of the property of the Bennets after Mr.. Bennet die. Mr. Collins is a clergyman and crazily admires his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh who happens to be sister of Darcy‟s mother. Mr.. Collins offers his proposal to Elizabeth Bennet during his stay in Longbourn, but rejected. The he turns to Charlotte Lucas and marries her to fulfill his purpose to visit Longbourn—getting married. As the consequence of the conspiracy of Caroline Bingley and Mr. Darcy, Mr. Bingley believes the indifference of the Jane, thus, they separate. Even when Jane pays a visit to Caroline when she is in London with her uncle and aunt, Mr. and Mr.s Gardiner, they keep this as a secret to Bingley After the marriage of Mr. Collins and Charlotte, Elizabeth is invited to visit them in Hunsford, where they pay several visits to Lady Catherine de Bourgh. During Elizabeth‟s stay in Hunsford, she meets Mr. Darcy and his cousin Colonel Fitzwilliam, the former of which offers a proposal in an arrogant manner to Elizabeth but refused. The next day Elizabeth receives a letter from Mr. Darcy which tells the truth about his interfering of Bingley-Jane relationship as well as the evil of Mr. Wickham particularly the intended elopement with Georgiana Darcy, younger sister of Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth returns to Longbourn with mixed emotion and her feeling to Mr. Darcy begins to change. Lydia receives an invitation to Brighton with Colonel Forster‟s wife. Though trying to persuade her father, Elizabeth doesn‟t make it to prevent Lydia from the trip to Brighton.

After a long misery time in her home, Elizabeth is asked to go north with her uncle and aunt. They pay a visit to Pemberley, Mr. Darcy‟s estate. The earlier return of the master surprises both Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy. And the change in Mr. Darcy‟s attitude confuses Elizabeth and he ever wants to make his sister Georgiana acquaintance with Miss Elizabeth. There she also meets Mr. Bingley and his sisters. When Elizabeth enjoying her journey, two letters from Jane ends the trip earlier than plan—their youngest sister Lydia has run away with Wickham. Elizabeth and her uncle and aunt hurries to Longbourn and Mr. Gardiner set out to assist Mr. Bennet in finding Lydia while Mr.s Gardiner remains at Longbourn to look after the Mr.s Bennet and rest of the family. Lydia is found at last and marries Wickham in town. When the new couple returns to Longbourn, Lydia gives out that Mr. Darcy was in the wedding of Wickham and Lydia. Elizabeth discovers that it was Mr. Darcy who help find Wickham and Lydia and persuade Wickham to marry Lydia. Bingley and Darcy suddenly return to Meryton and visit the Bennets again. Bingley soon get engaged with Jane. At the mean time, Lady Catherine de Bourgh suddenly drops by Longbourn to make Elizabeth promise not to marry Darcy. Elizabeth rejected firmly and Darcy comes propose again, accepted by Elizabeth. At last, they get married and live happily together. Characters

Elizabeth Bennet Elizabeth Bennet is the second of the five daughters of the Bennets who is the heroin of the novel. She is a smart independent woman, deeply loved by her father, Mr. Bennet. She has her own unique opinion of whatever she meets, and always likes to make judgments at the first sight, which naturally leads to some mis-judgment and prejudice—her misunderstanding of Mr. Darcy. She is a brave woman who is true to herself. She always follows her own feeling when dealing with different kinds of things happen in her life. Her dislike of Mr. Darcy, her travel to look after Jane, her initial fancy of Mr. Wickham, her rejection of Mr. Collins proposal, her temped prevention from Lydia going to Bridgton, etc, all of these show her loyalty to her own feelings. And because of her direct personality and braveness, she catches the attention of Mr. Darcy and makes his propose twice and, finally, get her happiness. She also shows her courage to court equality, (though not the main theme of the novel nor the author‟ tendency to court equality) when Lady Catherine de Bourgh rudely requests her not to accept any of Darcy‟s proposal. „In marrying your nephew, I should not consider myself as quitting that sphere. He is a gentleman; I am a gentleman‟s daughter; so far we are equal.‟ This what she says to Lady Catherine de Bourgh and her rejection to de Bourgh expresses her being true to herself which may has been lost and should be learnt by people or everyone who always thinks about surrender to limits and restrictions around them. Fitzwilliam Darcy Fitzwilliam Darcy, the hero of the novel, is the wealthy owner of a famous family estate of Pemberley in Derbyshire. His is the first been noticed by crowds because of his handsome appearance and big fortune. But he is soon regarded disagreeable because of his silence and seldom dancing with women. But his demerit is not pride as many people think. Mr.s Gardiner has corrected it as obstinacy—„ “He has been accused of many faults that he did not do himself; though I am sure (and I do not speak it to be thanked, therefore say nothing about it,) your uncle would most readily have settled the whole.” ‟ He is also deeply trusted by his friend Mr. Bingley and really loves and cares about his sister, Georgiana.

Readers always get to know his characteristic from the observer, from people around him like the neighbours in Longbourn or Mr.s Reynolds. It is showed from different angles but each of them has it own prejudice, otherwise, which forms a relatively clear image of Mr. Darcy. Here it doesn‟t mean he is a 100% perfect man. It shouldn‟t be regarded proper to make decision for others especially when it comes to the one concerning lifelong happiness and the interest of others. His interference in the relationship between Mr. Bingley and Jane which brings so many ups and downs in the plot and influences so many people around has been strongly opposed and criticized by Elizabeth. Though admitting later after Elizabeth‟s refusing his proposal and gaining her forgiveness and understanding, Mr. Darcy or part of his decision should not be regarded as morality. Mr. Bennet He is a gentleman with five daughters and because he doesn‟t have male heirs his property must be inherited to his nephew Mr. Collins. He is a wise and humorous man who loves reading. He really cares about his second daughter, Elizabeth. From the observation of Elizabeth, Mr. Bennet‟s marriage is unfortunate—„Her father, captivated by youth and beauty, and that appearance of good humour, which youth and beauty generally give, had married a woman whose weak understanding and illiberal mind, had very early in their marriage put an end to all real affection for her. Respect, esteem, and confidence, had vanished for ever; and all his views of domestic happiness were overthrown.‟ But still, here comes to respectful side of Mr. Bennet‟s character—„But Mr. Bennet was not of a disposition to seek comfort for the disappointment which his own imprudence had brought on, in any of those pleasures which too often console the unfortunate for their folly or their vice. He was fond of the country and of books; and from these tastes and arisen his principal enjoyments. To his wife he was very little otherwise indebted, than as her ignorance and folly had contributed to his amusement. This is not the sort of happiness which a man would in general wish to owe to his wife; but where other powers of entertainment are wanting, the true philosopher will derive benefit from such as are given.

The book gives a relatively thorough comment of the impact on the whole family exerted by Mr. Bennet‟s impropriety as a husband. It goes, via the feeling of Elizabeth, like this—„She had always seen it with pain; but respecting his abilities, and grateful for his affectionate treatment of herself, she endeavoured to forget what she could not overlook, and to banish from her thoughts that continual breach of conjugal obligation and decorum which, in exposing his wife to the contempt of her own children, was so highly reprehensible. But she had never felt so strongly as now, the disadvantages which must attend the children of so unsuitable a marriage, nor ever been so fully aware of the evils arising from so ill-judged a direction of talents; talents which rightly used, might at least have preserved the respectability of his daughters, even if incapable of enlarging the mind of his wife‟

Mr. Bennet is kind of man who has his own philosophy of life. He loves reading, and his own decision. He really cares about his family and daughters, which can be shown from his initial visit to Mr. Bingley and his immediate departure after Lydia‟s running away with Wickham. Besides his laziness also makes his family depressed—„The whole party were in hopes of a letter from Mr. Bennet the next morning, but the post came in without bringing a single line from him. His family knew him to be on all common occasions, a most negligent and dilatory correspondent, but at such a time, they had hoped for exertion.‟

Though not being the leading character of the novel, the author still paid much attention and efforts on the establishment of the character, which makes Mr. Bennet a real and lovable person. Mr. and Mr.s Gardiner This couple, though not the leading characters of the novel, witnesses and influences so much of the development of the story. Mr. Gardiner is Mr.s Bennet‟s brother and a successful businessman of sensible and gentlemanlike character, greatly superior to his sister as well by nature as education. And his personality and characteristic seem different by the traditional judgment and stereotype of others—„The Netherfield ladies would have had difficulty in believing that a man who lived by trade, and within view of his own warehouses, could have been so well bred and agreeable.‟ He wins the respect of Mr. Darcy by his character and promotes, to some extend, the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth. „Mr.s Gardiner, who was several years younger than Mr.s Bennet and Mr.s Philips, was an amiable, intelligent, elegant woman and a great favourite with all her Longbourn nieces.‟ She has an intimate relationship with the two elder sisters of the Bennets. Her existence is a great consolation to the two ladies. She witnesses all the relationships of the Bennet‟s ladies—she reminds Elizabeth to be careful about her affection towards Mr. Wickham, she picks up Jane in London to give her comfort, she bring Elizabeth to travel Pemberley where she meets Mr. Darcy and acquaints with Miss Darcy, she witness the marriage of Lydia and Wickham and she observes the affection of Mr. Darcy to Elizabeth. Mr.s Bennet Mr.s Bennet is one of the most interesting and vivid characters of the novel. Being a mother of five daughters, her major task and ambition is to marry her daughters to rich, handsome young men. The novel points out her personality and characteristics directly at the very first chapter—„Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented she fancied herself nervous.‟ She judges people at her first sight and purely controlled by her temper and situation. In chapter 2, when Elizabeth refers to Mr.s Long‟s promise to introduce Mr. Bingley, she just says like this „I do not believe Mr.s Long will do any such thing. She has two nieces of her own. She is a selfish, hypocritical woman, and I have no opinion of her.‟ But after she regains hope that her eldest daughter, Jane, may marry well she just says something really kind about Mr.s Long. She doesn‟t set an ideal model to her youngest daughter and spoils her too much. Actually she doesn‟t know how to behave herself and pass her value directly to Lydia. However the demerit of her personality does really make Mr.s Bennet an impressive character. The amazing irony of the author makes Mr.s Bennet a true-to-life person. Mr. Collins Mr. Collins is the cousin of the five Bennet ladies and the heir of the Bennts‟ property. Mr. Collins is obsequious, pompous and lacking in common sense. „Mr. Collins was not a sensible man, and the deficiency of nature had been but little assisted by education or society; the greatest part of his life having been spent under the guidance of an illiterate and miserly father; and though he belonged to one of the universities, he had merely kept the necessary terms, without forming at it any useful acquaintance. The subjection in which his father had brought him up, had given him originally great humility of manner, but it was now a good deal counteracted by the self-conceit of a weak head, living in retirement, and the consequential feeling of early and unexpected prosperity.‟ He meets Lady Catherin de Bourgh merely by a „fortunate chance‟ so that he admires the Lady with heart and soul, and regards all she says as golden words. The novel clearly shows his motivation of visiting Longbourn family—„Having now a good house and very sufficient income, he intended to marry; and in seeking a reconciliation with the Longbourn family he had a wife in view, as he meant to choose one of the daughters, if he found them as handsome and amiable as they were represented by common report. Also, as he says frankly to Elizabeth—‘But the fact is, that being, as I am, to inherit this estate after the death of your honoured father, (who, however, may live many years longer,) I could not satisfy myself without resolving to choose a wife from among his daughter, that the loss to them might be as little as possible, when the melancholy event takes place—which, however, as I have already said, may not be for several years‟, he console himself by marrying one of the daughter. He doesn‟t have any feeling or passion of love either. He merely takes it for granted that he may get the affection of Elizabeth because of his income, status and his connection with both Lady Catherine de Bourgh and the Bennets. (Elizabeth‟s rejection of Mr. Collins‟ marriage proposal is welcomed by her father, regardless of the financial benefit to the family of such a match.) The author made Mr. Collins an interesting and ridiculous character.

Besides, Jane Austen also painted other characters successfully, including Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Lydia, Mr. Wickham etc. She uncovered the merit and demerit of every character sharply and vividly and made all of them true-to-life. Readers can often find something in common in their daily life. Comments Plot

Most of Jane Austen novels were set in English village, where life is simple and where there is a seldom social change. Therefore, much of the attention of the author is paid on people—the changes of people as Elizabeth once tells to Mr. Darcy. As for a novel, the twists and turns of the plot are most important and catching. The main plot of the novel is the development of Darcy-Elizabeth relationship, during which the alteration of their attitude towards each other plays a very important role. But focusing mainly on these two people may make the story dull and tiresome, so the author skillfully use Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham and also their marriage as ingredients to make the plot more lively and complicated (both Mr. Collins and Mr. Wickham have more or less affected Elizabeth‟s emotional life) Besides, the coincidences of the story are also attracting. What I want to mention here is the one-day earlier returning of Mr. Darcy to Pemberley which gives further development of the relationship between him and Elizabeth. Style Pride and Prejudice, like most of Jane Austen‟s works, employs the narrative technique of free indirect speech (the free representation of a character‟s speech—not the words actually spoken by a character, but the words typify the character‟s thoughts, or the way the character would think and speak, if he or she thought or spoke. By using narrative that adopts the tones and vocabulary of a particular character (like Elizabeth) Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth‟s viewpoints, sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions. We can find a lot in the story, and mainly from Elizabeth and Mr.s Gardiner who show their viewpoints and thoughts and let the reader know what exactly what they think. Theme

Though the novel is entitled with „pride‟ and „prejudice‟, the theme of the novel is not simply about these two feelings and I think the title just stands for the hero and heroine of the novel. This is a love and marriage story but talks more than love, or shows other things by presenting a love story.

One simple and obvious theme in Pride and Prejudice and much of Austen‟s work is the importance of environment and upbringing on the development of young people‟s character and morality. In Pride and Prejudice, the failure of Mr. and Mr.s Bennet as parents is blamed for Lydia‟s moral judgment; Darcy on the other hand, has been taught to be principled and scrupulously honourable, but he is also proud and overbearing. Kitty, rescued from Lydia‟s bad influence and spending more time with her older sisters after they marry, is said to improve greatly in their superior society. We can learn from some of Elizabeth‟s thoughts about her parents and how she looks into the education of the five girls of the family. The novel talks more about classes and freedom. Though Austen‟s novel doesn‟t aim at the social revolution and changes directly, it really uncover people‟s thoughts and awareness of the problem of the gap between classes and the pursuit of freedom and equality. The historical events which defined the social and political background of Jane Austen‟s adult life were the French Revolution and the subsequent wars between England and France. It is a well-worn fact that these events make little explicit appearance in her novels; but in so far as they highlighted the question of relationship between classes and also, though the repressive social response to them in England, the limits of individual rights to free expression, they are central to Pride and Prejudice, and specifically to the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth. No one has a stronger sense of the social impossibility of this relationship than Lady Catherine de Bourgh: „My daughter and my nephew are formed for each other. They are descended on the maternal side, from the some noble line; and, on the father‟s, from respectable, honourable, and ancient, though untitled families…and what is to divide them? The upstart pretensions of a young woman without family, connections, or fortune. Is this to be endured! But it must not, shall not be. If you were sensible of your own good, you would not wish to quit the sphere, in which you have been brought up.‟ She speaks for the aristocratic concept of marriage as a contract between families, Elizabeth and Darcy oppose to this the concept of marriage as a personal agreement between individuals. For Darcy, he is determined to pursuit his love and happiness in spite of convention and family dignity. And for Elizabeth, she has got great courage to enter into a superior class. The novel ends therefore with an emphatic statement that the social gulf, much stressed by Elizabeth in earlier passages of the novel, has been crossed. With her dangerous tendency to mock and challenge convention, she has brought „a little liveliness‟ to Darcy, but she has also, on a social level, brought the middle classes into the home of the aristocracy. Conclusion Though written more than hundred years ago, the characters in the novel still seems vivid and real today. And the themes of the story deserve people‟s thoughts and reflection through the social development of human society.

Reference

1. Introduction by Dr Ian Littlewood, University of Sussex in Pride and Prejudice, Wordsworth Classics 2. Pride and Prejudice from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 3. Pride and Prejudice published in 1813, Microsoft Student with Encarta Premium 2009

第6篇：《自杀论》书评

杨璟(武汉大学 社会学系，湖北 武汉 430072) [作者简介]杨璟，(1988—)，女，苗族，湖南湘西人，武汉大学社会学系2010级硕士研究生，主要学习和研究城市社会学。

[内容摘要]迪尔凯姆是社会学的创始人之一，他的《自杀论》把“自杀”这一病态的社会现象作为分析研究对象，作者先对人们常常认为引起自杀的心理因素与自然因素进行否证，接着又对自杀现象的结果做出分类，由结果推论出自杀是因为社会整合程度过低或过高及社会规范出现混乱和真空引起的，从而实证自杀的社会归因，在否证与实证的过程中，迪尔凯姆的研究不仅体现出他一直以来的学术观点即社会生活在很大程度上影响着个人生活，社会事实具有客观性，外在性，强制性的特点，而且作为实证主义研究的始祖，迪尔凯姆在研究中对数据资料的分析方法也有里程碑式的意义，本文是《自杀论》的书评，不仅会分析这本书的方法论意义而且会分析它的理论贡献与现实意义。

[关键词] 自杀 ; 自杀率 ;

社会整合 ; 自杀的分类

一、笔者未读该书之前及之后的不同心里感受

笔者相信，每个人应该都有遇到挫折、不幸，内心极度难受、极度痛苦以至于想要自己放弃自己生命的时候，我们大家都非常清楚自杀当然就是自己放弃自己的生命，放弃自己生命的人要不然就是经受了很大的挫折和痛苦，要不然就是心里有问题，人们更倾向于去相信和人为自杀的人是因为自己本身有问题无法得到解决，或者至少是在当时他无法解决和面对，从而选择用结束自己生命的方式去逃避，逃避自己无法解决的事情，或者已经预见到的将来自己不想也认为自己无法面对的事情。笔者以前认为自杀是一种逃避，或者是一种自我解放，逃避不想面对的事情，将自己从纷繁复杂的琐事中解放出来，自杀也有可能只是自杀者当时一种错误的心态，他们无法从那种错误的心境中走出来，或者没有人能够有效的劝导他们，将他们导向正确的心境。或者有时候自杀是人们无法理解和接受自己的一种状态，自己都无法接受自己，无法明白自己，不知道自己想要什么，不知道自己将做什么，觉得自己很没用，活在这个世界上已经没有价值了，等等，笔者认为大多数的自杀者不仅逃避现实而且不喜欢自己，至少对自己不满意，当然不同的人对自己满意的标准各不相同，当人们自己对自己极度失望的时候，也有可能采取了结自己生命的方式，但是可能很少有人将自杀归因于社会的原因。很简单的事情，从名字就可以看出来“自杀”就是自己杀自己，自己了结自己的生命，与他人有什么关系，与社会就更谈不上什么关系了。

但是读了这本书后你会有一个强烈的感受，就是任何人，只要他出生在一定的社会环境中，那么他的任何行为，即使是在我们看来很私人的行为，必然已经打下了当时社会行为标准，社会规范，或者社会环境的烙印，因为从我们一生下来我们就生长在了特定的社会环境、历史环境或者自然环境中，这些我们都无法改变，在我们看来很理所当然的事情其实就是我们所生长的环境在不断塑造我们，影响我们，改变我们。哪个自己才是真实的自己，不被任何东西影响的自己，或者已经没有了吧，我们试图去发现和了解的是，社会环境是如何塑造我们，影响我们与改变我们的，一直以来，我都很喜欢《自杀论》这本书，从最初的看不太懂，到终于明白，还记得自己曾经在学校的食堂用《自杀论》这本书占过座位，远远的就看见周围的同学从旁边走过都会不由自主的被他的名字所吸引，忍不住会看两眼，或者目光停留在上面的时间总是比较长，可能所有人最初看见这本书时的感受都是一样的，大家心里肯定都在嘀咕着，还有这种书?还有专门研究自杀的?这样的书也可以是本名著?那这本书究竟写的都是些什么呢?难道是写人们是怎么自杀的?我觉得所有人都对自杀有着自己的理解，但

是我们或许很少去想自己认为很私人的行为究竟是如何发生的呢?真的只有自己的行为和状态会影响吗?那自己的行为和状态又是怎么得来的呢?迪尔凯姆就是带我们去发现塑造或影响我们私人行为的社会原因。

二、本书概述

自杀作为一种病态的社会现象，在任何社会都存在，但人们往往把它归因于个人，认为是由精神错乱等心理因素或酗酒、仿效等个人因素引起的也有人认为是由自然原因如气候的变化等引起的，而迪尔凯姆的研究假设认为是由社会整合程度过低或过高，社会规范出现混乱或真空引起，迪尔凯姆先对心理因素和自然因素进行否证，然后又对自杀现象分类，由果溯因对引起自杀的社会原因进行实证，通过一驳一立使研究具有很强的说服力。下面进行详细的分析：

1、

概念的界定——操作性定义——对作者认为非自杀现象的排除

迪尔凯姆在书中对自杀现象做出这样的定义：“人们把任何由死者自己完成并知道会产生这种结果的某种积极或消极的行动直接或间接引起的死亡叫做自杀”(《自杀论》，11)这样就(1)将当事人的意图或动机排除在外，而只根据当事人的行为与结果这两个外显的特征进行定义(2)排除了那些当事人没有意识到行为后果的死亡现象。

2、

否证自杀现象是由心理因素引起的

A、

对精神错乱的否证：心理论认为，自杀现象是由心理因素引起的，理由是，在统计规律上，有一些不正常的心理因素如精神错乱的年发生率与自杀现象一样，在某个社会里相对的稳定，而在不同的民族又有相当大的差别。而且，自杀和精神错乱一样，城市比农村多。迪尔凯姆认为这种说法是站不住脚的，因为(1)所有的统计资料都证实，在精神病院里，住院病人中女性略多于男性;由于推论，如果说自杀率与神经衰弱之间有什么因果关系的话，那么妇女的自杀率就必然高于男人的自杀率，至少应该一样高，但是根据自杀的统计资料来分析，在每个国家中，男性的自杀率是女性的4倍左右;(2)犹太教徒中的精神错乱病人比其他教徒中多得多，如果说自杀率与精神错乱之间有什么因果关系的话，那么犹太教徒的自杀率就必然高于其他教徒的自杀率，然而，相反的是犹太教徒中的自杀倾向却很微弱;(3)在所有的国家里，在一定的年龄阶段(从童年到老年)，自杀倾向是逐步增强的，而在壮年时期更经常地突发精神错乱，如果自杀率与精神错乱之间有什么因果关系的话，这种统计结果同样也是无法解释的;(4)疯子最少的国家却是自杀最多的国家;(5)下层社会中精神错乱很少，自杀却时有发生。

B、

对酗酒的否证：还有些人认为，酗酒是导致自杀的另一个不正常心理因素。迪尔凯姆用两个统计事实批驳了这种说法。(1)在法国国内，酒鬼最多的地区是自杀倾向最严重的地区，而酒鬼最少的地区也不是自杀倾向最不严重的地区。(2)比较不同国家情况，一个国家人均酒的消费量和这个国家自杀率之间也没有相关性。

C、

对种族遗传的否证：接着为了排除自杀是由正常的心理因素如个人的体质所引起的这种可能，迪尔凯姆又进行了否证，因为自杀率确实因种族而异，而一个种族和另一个种族的区别在于它的身心特点。迪尔凯姆首先将种族的核心界定为遗传。(1)通过比较分布在不

同国家(社会)的同一种族人群的自杀倾向，结果相差很大，证实了种族和自杀没有关系;(2)自杀率随年龄的增长而有规律的增高。因为人体的一切都受着生命节律的支配，依次经过生长的阶段、停滞的阶段和最后一个衰退的阶段。由于没有什么心理或生理特点是无止境地发展的，所有的特点都在达到一个顶峰之后趋于衰退。相反，自杀却在人生的最后阶段才达到它的顶点。

D、

对仿效的否证：(1)同首先对自杀现象进行操作化定义一样，迪尔凯姆还是先对仿效下了他的定义：“当一种行为有一种类似的，以前由别人完成的行为的表现作为直接的先例，没有明确的或不明确的思想活动介乎这种表现和实施之间来影响这种重复行为的本来性质，那么仿效是存在的。”(《自杀论》，114)(2)迪尔凯姆指出，仿效是一种纯粹的心理现象，它可能在没有任何社会联系的个人之间发生，他指出仿效必须先有被仿效的对象，如果自杀是仿效引起的，那么自杀率就应该以被仿效对象所在的地方为中心向周围逐渐减小，但是从自杀率的分布图上看，自杀根本不是围绕某些中心发生，从这些中心均匀的扩散开来，而是以差不多同样的数量成批的发生没有任何中心。

3、

否证自杀现象是由自然因素引起的

(1)否证气候类型与自杀率之间的关系，自杀率同样高的地区可以属于不同的气候类型，意大利自杀人数最多是北方而英国和比利时自杀人数最多的却是南方。(2)对是否存在最有利于自杀的季节的证伪：迪尔凯姆按照温度的变化来排列一年中的4个季节和12个月份，并未发现季节或者月份的变化与自杀率变化之间的对应关系。(3)迪尔凯姆对统计资料显示人们倾向于在白天而不是晚上自杀的观点：他认为这不是自然因素的影响，真正的原因在于白天事务最繁忙，人际交往最复杂，社会生活最紧张。

4、实证——倒果溯因的分类溯因论证法

以上迪尔凯姆否证了精神错乱、酗酒、种族遗传、仿效等心理因素，也否证了气候、季节、温度、白天黑夜等自然因素，那么剩下的就只有社会因素了，而迪尔凯姆的高明之处在于他是通过对自杀现象进行分类来寻找原因的，他认为各种原因之间的特殊差别意味着各种结果之间的特殊差别，通过探索不同自杀类型产生的社会条件，就将结果和原因联系起来。通过结果来寻找原因。

迪尔凯姆将自杀分为四种类型，即“利己主义自杀”“利他主义自杀”“反常性自杀”以及“宿命型自杀”。(1)利己主义自杀。其成因是个人与社会的疏离，所以那些不能很好的整合进较大的社会单位并盛行个人主义的集体、社区和群体，其利己主义自杀的比率一般都比较高;(2)利他主义自杀。它发生在“社会整合过于强烈之时”。此时，高度的社会整合使得个性受到相当程度的压抑，个人的权力被认为是微不足道的，他们被期待完全服从集体的需要和利益。(3)失范性自杀，主要发生在社会控制瓦解之时，在正常和稳定的社会条件下，个人的愿望总是受到由一般道德原则支撑的规范的调节的，他们保证了个人的愿望或抱负大体上于可以运用的手段相一致。但是，当社会控制减弱，上述规范受到破坏时，对个人愿望的制约就不复存在。此时，个人的生活目标和人生抱负失调，他们增长出难以实现的个人愿望，这必然导致挫折很多，以及自杀率的上升。(4)宿命性自杀。这种自杀的典型形式是那些倍受压迫和制约的奴隶采取自绝的方式结束自己的生命。他们面临的是一些无法抗拒和改变的压迫。

社会整合和自杀率之间的关系：(1)利己主义自杀和失范性自杀与社会整合程度成反比，即社会整合程度越低，自杀率越高;(2)利他主义自杀与社会整合程度成正比，社会的整合程度越高，自杀率也越高;(3)自杀率在相当程度上体现了社会整合程度的变化，担不是惟一的经验表现形式。犯罪、越轨、酗酒、离婚率以及精神疾患的患病率的变化都能反映一个社会的整合类型与程度。

5、结论

(1)通过以上的论证，迪尔凯姆证实了他的三个命题：自杀人数的多少;A、与宗教社会一体化的程度成反比;B、与家庭社会一体化程度成反比;C、与政治社会一体化的程度成反比。

(2)自杀与其他社会现象的关系：迪尔凯姆认为自杀和杀人之间有关系而且要视自杀的类型而定。A、利己主义自杀和杀人呈负相关。因为有利己主义子自杀倾向的人所崇拜的是人的个性而不是社会的共性，既然尊重个性的张扬就不会看不起别人的生命。B、利他主义的自杀与杀人有着共同的机制，当自杀者认为自己在社会的压力面前是如此渺小，无能为力时，他也不会重视别人的生命。C、反常的自杀则要具体来说。反常的社会结构所导致的实际上是一种激怒或者厌烦的状态，这种状态根据不同的情况可以针对别人或者转而针对自己：前者引起杀人，后者则引起自杀。

(3)对自杀现象迪尔凯姆提出的解决办法：通过否证过去的宗教以及现代的家庭都不能成为维系现代人们关系的感情纽带，迪尔凯姆不是想把现代社会拉回到过去，而是坚决主张建立职业团体或行会以恢复社会对自杀的免疫能力，让人们在集体生活中找到已经失落的社会思想和感情。

三、本书在作者思想体系中的地位

1、社会的影响力，主导地位：纵观迪尔凯姆的学术生涯与著作，从《社会分工论》、《宗教生活的基本形式》、《社会学方法论准则》中我们都不难发现作者的思想一直都围绕着社会和个人的关系问题，他认为作为社会这个整体是高于个人的，并一直都致力于研究与证实社会生活是在极大程度上影响、决定和塑造个人的。在《自杀论》这本书中，迪尔凯姆将大多数人认为是由个人动机或行为等心理因素引起的病态现象进行分析，在否证与实证的过程中，在严谨的论证体系中让人们清晰的发现以前自己人知的错误，对社会的影响力有了全新的认识。

2、社会事实：在《自杀论》这一本书中，作者通过对自杀这一病态社会现象的研究，再一次以一种案例研究的方式向人们证实了他的思想：社会事实是客观存在的，具有客观性、强制性、外在性、普遍性的特点，它影响塑造着人们及他们的行为，因此只能通过一种社会事实来解释另一种社会事实，在书中，迪尔凯姆就用社会整合程度的高低来解释自杀现象及其类型。

四、本书的影响与意义

1、方法论意义：(1)清晰的概念定义：可操作化的定义是进行社会研究的前提，在书的开篇作者就对自杀现象做了自己的定义，排除个人的主观动机与行为及作者认为不是自杀的死亡现象，使自杀现象成为可具体研究的客观存在，而在之后对仿效的否证中作者也进一步对仿效做出常人可理解、可研究、解释、论证的操作化定义，并强调概念的界定对研究的重要意义，对后人的研究有重大的启发。(2)研究变量的引用：自杀率的引入将看起来是个人原因的自杀现象变为可用宏观社会结构来解释的社会事实。迪尔凯姆的高明之处就在于他将人们往往看来理应是由个人的心理或动机引起的个人自杀现象通过一个研究变量——自杀率的引入，变为可在不同城市、地区、国家之间进行比较研究从而揭示影响自杀率变化之宏观社会结构的客观社会事实。让实证主义方法在社会科学中得到发展。(3)否证与实证相结合，强有力的论证脉络：通过前面的概述，我们发现迪尔凯姆先对人们常常认为可能影响自杀率的心理因素、自然因素等进行否证，当只剩下社会因素时，他就对社会因素进行实证，论证结构十分严谨以至于不少人认为“证伪”的思想不是被波普诺开创的，迪尔凯姆才是“证伪”方法的祖师爷。(4)共变和控制变量等实证方法的运用：由于社会现象之间的因果关系隐藏在大量复杂的可变因素背后，而社会研究又不能完全像自然科学那样获得能够严格控制各种因素的实验条件。因此，为了排除那些变量之间的非因果性相关，他采用了“共变法”、“控制变量”等分析技术。如：若自杀率与心理变态有关系，则精神并发病比率越高的地方自杀率越高;若自杀与仿效有关则必定使自杀率以自杀率最高的地方为中心依次向周围减小。而通过引入控制变量——年龄，他论证了不是婚姻本身，而是与子女的联系影响着已婚者自杀率的高低。(5)根据现象分类，倒果溯因，求因果关系：在《自杀论》中，对社会原因的实证方面，根据原因与结果的关系，不同的原因会引起不同的结果，从而通过对自杀现象的分类探讨引起这些类型自杀不同的社会条件从而探求出原因来。这种分类法，及倒果溯因的方法的运用也是实证社会学的一个里程碑。

通过将要检验命题的经验性事实累计整合或理论性推断并加以检验，使其具有可信度与包容力，是迪尔凯姆的《自杀论》教给我们的东西。

2、本书在社会学及整个社会科学中的地位：迪尔凯姆的《自杀论》是实证社会学的典型研究，其方法论意义与理论意义同样巨大，通过前面对其方法论的探讨，我们发现虽然由于科学技术水平的限制迪尔凯姆没有我们现在的统计软件，但他的共变法与控制变量的引入及否证与实证的完美结合却是现代社会学及社会科学实证研究的方法论源头。

在理论方面，《自杀论》是迪尔凯姆通过对自杀这一病态社会现象的研究对他自己理论观点即社会生活对个人的影响决定作用，社会事实有客观性、强制性、外在性、普遍性，可用一种社会事实去解释另一种社会事实的案例诠释。他强调社会对个人的影响，将人们的视线引向社会这个大整体来，对社会整合需适度及社会规范是否稳定对自杀影响的讨论让人们对社会和个人，国家和社会关系又有了新的认识。迪尔凯姆在人和社会的关系讨论中对社会决定性作用的强调也引发了学者们的不同观点，从而产生了互动论、交换论、现象学等理论流派。

3、现实意义：书中迪尔凯姆区分了我们前面提到的四种类型自杀。由于现代社会中人与人之间越来越疏离，我们确实应该看到利己型自杀与社会整合的关系及它的现实意义。而由于我国正处于改革转型时期，贫富差距、地域之间的差距也越来越大，社会规范对人的制约作

用，对人目标和价值的确立作用也经常起变化，因此反常自杀在我国社会转型这个特殊时期尤其值得我们关注。

五、自己的思考

1、主观的溯源分类法：大多数人认为迪尔凯姆在《自杀论》中主要是用了实证的方法，有很强的客观性，但我认为在他的书中也典型的采用了心理解释策略，有主观的成分，比如对自杀类型的区分，根据迪尔凯姆实证主义方法的一贯精神，科学研究应当从客观观察入手，根据对象所表现出来的可明确识别的外在特征来划分对象类型，这种叫做形态分类法。但在对自杀现象做出类型划分时迪尔凯姆并没有采用这类分类法，而是采用另外一种溯源学的分类法，他重点区分了利己型、利他型、和反常型自杀，显然这种分类具有心理溯源的性质

2、软实证的经验研究——从定量不知不觉走向定性：(1)社会整合的抽象概括，无法量化、测量与检验：经验研究的要义在于以存在的社会事实为根据，以现实材料为手段，通过实验、观察、搜集分析资料的方式对社会中客观存在的现象进行分析和归纳研究。但是通读该书，从迪尔凯姆的经验概推中我们不能直接得知制约自杀率的主要社会原因是什么，迪尔凯姆于是通过建立命题结构，提出了在经验命题中获得直观的最高假设：社会整合程度决定自杀率。这是一个在逻辑上能隐含经验事实但并不直接来自经验数据的一般性概括，它的产生不是通过归纳推导出来的而是哲学的思辨，并且社会整合的程度如何才算适度，不高也不低，并不能对之进行量化，测量和检验。

(2)迪尔凯姆在书中体现的社会与个人相互作用取向：我们的社会学研究常常探讨因果关系，一种现象是如何由怎样的另一种现象引起的，把一个事物的发生或演变与另一个事物的存在和运动联系起来，有明确的引起和被引起的关系，把一种社会现象归结到另一种社会现象那里，不论这种解释充分还是不完全，都表现了某种决定意义。迪尔凯姆在本书中选择的解释项是“社会整合水平”，被解释项是“社会自杀率”，而自杀者则被当做一个潜在的被解释项，因而存在着两个相互关联的被解释项，当社会整合水平异常时，自杀者只有万分之几的比例，处境相同的多数人并未选择自杀。这一结果可能使迪尔凯姆意识到：作为潜在的被解释项的自杀者个人对环境的反应差异也影响着自杀现象。于是，迪尔凯姆是采用心理溯源性质的分类法，提示着社会与个人相互作用的意义，因此无意识的将决定论与相互作用论结合在一起，并算不上严格意义上的实证研究，互动论的学者是不是从这里得到互动论的启发呢?

最后，我想说虽然后人对迪尔凯姆的这本书还有很多批评，比如统计资料的失真，推论的失误(新教盛行国家的自杀行为并不一定都发生在新教徒身上，因此“新教盛行国家的自杀率高不等于新教徒自杀率高”)等，但是迪尔凯姆的这本书及其在社会学和实证社会科学中都有里程碑式的意义，在当时的技术水平下他严谨的科学实证态度和方法都值得后人钦佩和学习。

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唐斌，2005，《试析涂尔干<自杀论>中的实证主义研究方法》，《上饶师范学院学报》，8月。

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