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论文题目：美国总统演讲的隐喻架构分析 ——以奥巴马和特朗普的演讲为例

摘要：政治话语是政治信息的重要载体,其在把政治愿望转化为社会行为的过程中发挥着关键作用。美国总统演讲作为政治话语的一种形式,一直受到学界的广泛关注。前人关于美国奥巴马总统与特朗普总统的演讲的研究成果颇丰,但较少从受众的视角,结合认知语言学对两位总统的演讲进行隐喻架构分析。本文以概念隐喻理论和架构理论为指导,选取奥巴马总统的八篇演讲和特朗普总统的八篇演讲作为研究语料,以经济、移民及国家安全为研究主题,对两位总统的演讲进行隐喻架构分析,旨在通过比较两位总统演讲的架构异同,以揭示两位总统演讲的架构方式。概念隐喻是一种从始源域向目标域的跨域映射,人们借助始源域来理解目标域。Lakoff（1996）在概念隐喻理论的基础上,提出了架构理论。他认为架构是一种心理结构（Lakoff,2006）,分为表层架构和深层架构。表层架构由语言激活,涉及隐喻性表层架构和非隐喻性表层架构;深层架构由表层架构激活,是人们的道德体系或世界观。通过对奥巴马总统与特朗普总统演讲的隐喻架构分析,本研究主要有以下发现:1.就表层架构而言:在经济、移民及国家安全的演讲中,奥巴马的演讲主要包含了旅程、植物、疾病、舞台等15类隐喻性表层架构,创新、公平、机会、永恒等12类非隐喻性表层架构;特朗普的演讲主要包含了旅程、植物、竞赛、商业等10类隐喻性表层架构,创新、公平、死亡、力量等12类非隐喻性表层架构。总体上,两位总统的演讲均使用了旅程、植物、建筑、人类等8类隐喻性表层架构,创新、公平、安全、帮助等10类非隐喻性表层架构。表层架构主要涉及语言方面,因此奥巴马总统演讲的表层架构较特朗普总统演讲的表层架构更为丰富。2.就深层架构而言:（1）在经济主题的演讲中,奥巴马的演讲体现了共情的道德观,符合民主党的道德模式;特朗普的演讲则体现了名为竞争实为激进的贸易保护主义和孤立主义的道德观,与共和党的传统道德模式不一致。（2）在移民主题的演讲中,奥巴马的演讲体现了包容的思想,蕴含了民主党的“慈亲”模式;特朗普的演讲则体现了自律的思想,与共和党的“严父”模式相符。（3）在国家安全主题的演讲中,奥巴马的演讲体现了“美国主导下的多边主义”（海超,2009）的观念,特朗普的演讲则体现了“美国优先”的价值观。二者殊途同归,均符合各自党派最根本的立场:让美国再次强大。3.就架构策略而言:（1）在经济主题的演讲中,奥巴马的演讲因为否定与经济危机相关的负面架构,使负面架构得到强化,弱化了其演讲接受度。（2）在移民主题的演讲中,奥巴马与特朗普的演讲均使用了符合受众价值观的架构,体现了良好的架构策略,得到了其目标群体的支持。（3）在国家安全的主题演讲中,特朗普的演讲使用了再架构策略,通过创造新的架构,提升了公众对其演讲接受度。总体来说,特朗普演讲的架构策略要优于奥巴马演讲的架构策略。本研究结合概念隐喻理论和架构理论对总统演讲进行分析,从受众的视角阐释了话语认知机制,丰富了认知语言学对政治话语的研究;同时帮助公众更好地理解美国执政政府背后的价值观,为我国政府构建国家话语体系、提升国际话语权提供参考。

关键词：总统演讲;概念隐喻理论;架构理论;架构

学科专业：外国语言学及应用语言学

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

摘要

Chapter One INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background

1.2 Purpose and Significance of the Research

1.3 Research Questions and Methodology

1.4 The Organization of the Thesis

Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definition of Political Discourse

2.2 Previous Studies on Political Discourse Abroad

2.3 Previous Studies on Political Discourse at Home

2.4 Studies of Presidential Speeches

2.5 Summary

Chapter Three THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Conceptual Metaphor Theory

3.1.1 Introduction to Conceptual Metaphor Theory

3.1.2 Working Mechanism of Conceptual Metaphor Theory

3.2 Framing Theory

3.2.1 Development of Frame Theory

3.2.2 Surface Frame and Deep Frame

3.2.3 Framing and Reframing

3.3 Moral Models of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party of the United States

3.3.1 Nurturant Parent Model

3.3.2 Strict Father Model

Chapter Four An ANALYSIS OF SURFACE FRAME IN OBAMA’S AND TRUMP’S SPEECHES

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Surface Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on Economy

4.2.1 Metaphorical Surface Frames in Obama’s Speeches

4.2.2 Non-metaphorical Surface Frames in Obama’s Speeches

4.2.3 Metaphorical Surface Frames in Trump’s Speeches

4.2.4 Non-metaphorical Surface Frames in Trump’s Speeches

4.3 Comparative Analysis of Surface Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on Economy

4.3.1 Similarities and Differences in Metaphorical Surface Frames

4.3.2 Similarities and Differences in Non-metaphorical Surface Frames

4.4 Surface Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on Immigration

4.4.1 Metaphorical Surface Frames in Obama’s Speeches

4.4.2 Non-metaphorical Surface Frames in Obama’s Speeches

4.4.3 Metaphorical Surface Frames in Trump’s Speeches

4.4.4 Non-metaphorical Surface Frames in Trump’s Speeches

4.5 Comparative Analysis of Surface Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on Immigration

4.5.1 Similarities and Differences in Metaphorical Surface Frames

4.5.2 Similarities and Differences in Non-metaphorical Surface Frames

4.6 Surface Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on National Security

4.6.1 The Metaphorical Surface Frames in Obama’s speeches

4.6.2 Non-metaphorical Surface Frames in Obama’s speeches

4.6.3 Metaphorical Surface Frames in Trump’s speeches

4.6.4 Non-metaphorical Surface Frames in Trump’s speeches

4.7 Comparative Analysis of Surface Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on National Security

4.7.1 Similarities and Differences in Metaphorical Surface Frames

4.7.2 The Similarities and Differences in Non-metaphorical Surface Frames

Chapter Five An ANALYSIS OF DEEP FRAME IN OBAMA’S AND TRUMP’S SPEECHES

5.1 Deep Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on Economy

5.1.1 Empathy

5.1.2 Competition

5.2 Deep Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on Immigration

5.2.1 Inclusiveness

5.2.2 Self-discipline

5.3 Deep Frames in Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches on National Security

5.3.1 Multilateralism

5.3.2 America First

5.4 Framing Strategies and Reframing Strategies on Obama’s and Trump’s Speeches

5.4.1 Framing Strategies of Speeches on Economy

5.4.2 Framing Strategies of Speeches on Immigration

5.4.3 Reframing Strategies of Speeches on National Security

Chapter Six CONCLUSION

6.1 Major Findings

6.2 Limitations and Suggestions

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

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