小组合作学习的常用方法在作文教学中的运用
摘 要： 作文教学是语文教学的重要内容之一，它本身就蕴涵着许多人与人之间交流与合作的因素。我们在作文教学中可以运用小组合作学习的方法，在读写训练、命题、审题、批改和展示等教学环节，通过学生多元互动和互帮互学，来提高作文教学的针对性和有效性，给作文教学注入新的活力。
关键词： 小组合作 合作学习方法 作文教学
“小组合作学习”这一教学模式在中学语文教学中已经得到了越来越广泛的运用，它不仅可以使师生之间、学生之间更有效地进行语言交际，还可以培养学生的合作意识、团队精神，进而促使学生相互学习，共同提高，有力地促进课堂效率的提高。
作文教学是语文教学的重要内容之一。作文教学需要训练，训练的过程又是由说到写，由述到做的过程，本身就蕴涵着许多人与人之间交流与合作的因素。《义务教育语文课程标准》（2011版）也强调要“积极倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式”。[1]所以我们在作文教学中可以运用小组合作学习的方法，通过学生多元互动和互帮互学，来提高作文教学的针对性和有效性，给作文教学注入新的活力。
在作文教学中开展小组合作学习，就是要在教师的指导下以相对固定的小组（一般为4人小组）为单位，运用合作学习的方法开展教学活动。作文教学中可以进行小组合作学习的主要环节有读写训练、命题、审题、批改和展示。
一、小组合作进行读写训练，以共同阅读激发作文兴趣。
“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟”，这句话说明了读书与写作的密切关系。要想作文写得好，脑中就必须储存足够数量的词汇和范文。阅读是写作的基础，阅读多了，厚积而薄发，就能对写作起到潜移默化的作用。然而，学生虽然意识到阅读的重要性，但并没有真正落实到行动上。其原因主要有：没有时间和精力；没有合适的书籍可看；怕影响学习；没有兴趣。针对这一现状，我们可以通过小组合作学习，读写结合，培养学生的阅读兴趣，提高阅读效率，扩大学生阅读面，提高学生的欣赏水平。广泛的课外阅读，能为学生提供无比丰富的源头活水，让学生们在语言的海洋里尽情遨游，从而增强语言能力，提高作文水平。
在合作小组中，学生个体既是相对独立的读写主体，又是分工协作的小组成员。这种“战略协作伙伴关系”能激发学生的想象力，激活思维力，诱发创造力。
小组合作进读写训练，可以采用的方法有：
1.举行好书推介会。
每组自主选择一本好书进行阅读，定期举行好书推介会。在好书推介会上，每组向全班推荐本组最近阅读的这本好书。组员以图书简介、朗诵、课本剧表演、对白表演等形式展示这本书，看哪个组的介绍最能引起全班同学的阅读兴趣。活动中，学生运用小组合作、互动交流的学习方式，相互学习、共同进步，既巩固了阅读效果，又提高了听、说、写的能力，从而大大激发了他们读书的积极性。
2.读书小组笔记展评。
教师要指导学生写读书笔记，学生可以摘抄佳词妙句，也可以摘抄精彩片段；可以写出读后感，也可以赏析、评点图书内容。例如阅读精美短小的文章时，我们要求学生一方面摘抄佳词妙句和精彩片段，为作文积累材料，另一方面理清文章思路，概括文章大意，培养概括能力。阅读名言、警句时，要求学生摘录、评注乃至熟读成诵，以陶冶其情操。阅读文学作品时，要求学生能说出人物性格、品质，能从某一方面评点人物，锻炼其分析能力等。总之，读书笔记形式要多样，切不可一刀切。每周固定时间进行一次小组交流，小组之间相互欣赏读书笔记，讨论读书心得。小组之间要进行评比，要对读书笔记做得认真的小组给予适当的奖励，并摘录小组优秀笔记在班级橱窗或班级博客进行展示。
二、小组合作，给作文拟题。
题目犹如文章的眼睛，透过它可以洞悉文章的灵魂。新颖独到的题目，可以使读者耳目一新，引起阅读的兴趣。“题好一半文”，也说明了拟好题目的重要性。
我们可以运用“前进的雪球”和“倒退的雪球”给作文拟题。
“前进的雪球”这种方法让小组清单越列越长，有利于尽可能多的收集想法和信息。[2]先运用“前进的雪球”让学生们拟出尽可能多的题目。具体步骤是：
1.每个小组成员独立列出几个题目。
2.两个人对照各自所列，做出联合清单。重复的保留其一。
3.两对做出联合清单，重复的保留其一。
再运用“倒退的雪球”选出大家普遍认可的题目。“倒退的雪球”这种方法让小组清单越列越短。[3]具体步骤是：
1.每个小组成员独立列出题目。
2.两个人对照各自所列，仅保留协同的或两人认为最好的题目。
3.两对学生重复上述过程。
我们进行过一次新闻稿的写作训练。所写的新闻事件就是我校为纪念“五四”运动举行的“青春颂”经典诗文诵读比赛。本次比赛将我校合作学习课堂模式运用于课外活动，每个节目都由一个合作小组的同学共同演绎完成。选手们一边诵读，一边现场伴奏，将文学作品与音乐巧妙地结合了起来。作文课上，我们写这篇新闻稿，要求必须有正副两个标题。同学们拟定的副标题很相似，一般都是：我校举行“青春颂”纪念“五四”经典诗文诵读比赛。主标题则各不相同。于是我们进行小组合作，运用“前进的雪球”和“倒退的雪球”拟主标题。通过交流讨论，有一个组拟出了一个非常好的主标题《文学与音乐的合作 青春与梦想的交流》。
三、小组合作，进行审题。
审题是写好一篇作文的基础，但是在个别作文的情况下，一般学生往往思路比较狭窄，而合作审题能有效地帮助学生打开思路。
我们可以运用“写作—组对—交换”[4]的方法，进行审题。主要步骤是：
1.每个学生独立审题，写出审题要点。
2.学生们组对讨论。
3.学生交换搭档，与新搭档交流讨论结果。
2012年南京中考作文题目是《带一本书去旅行》。我在让学生运用“写作—组对—交换”的方法进行审题时，有的小组想到了带上一本好书去旅行，在车上就有事可做，就不无聊了。还有小组把旅行当做人生，把书当做知识，带着一本书去旅行就是把理论和实践、温故和创新结合到一起，正所谓“读万卷书，行万里路”。还有小组认为，“旅行”，可以是一次风景名胜之旅，也可以是一次心灵感悟之旅。这样的小组合作，全班交流，让学生在审题的过程中，对题目内涵有了准确深刻的把握。
四、小组合作，批改作文。
“在创新教育中除了教师的评价，还要有学生的自我评价和学生间的互相评价”。[5]运用小组合作学习的方法来批改作文，能将学生的自我评价和学生间的互相评价都落到实处，这有利于学生创新思维的发展。学生更加主动生动的学习，使批改作文这一环节充满了相互交流、彼此分享、共同成长的勃勃生机。《义务教育语文课程标准》（2011版）也强调“要引导学生通过自改和互改，取长补短，促进相互了解和合作，共同提高写作水平”。[6]
批改作文时常用的合作学习方法是“轮流写作”。[7]主要步骤是：
1.所有组员自批。
2.组员把作文本传给左边的人，开始互批。
3.将这个过程持续到每个组员都批改过。
在批改之前教师要把批改的方法教给学生，引导学生举一反三，让学生明白批什么，改什么。主要批的是作文里突出的优点或严重的缺点。突出的优点主要有：书写工整，结构严谨，描写生动形象，比喻贴切新奇，说明准确生动，议论有理有据等。要引导学生有意识地去发扬这些优点。严重的缺点主要有：语意不畅，结构不清晰，自相矛盾，等等。要引导学生自觉去纠正这些缺点。主要改的是：错别字；语序不当，结构混乱，成分残缺，语意不畅的句子；缺乏条理性的句子；错用的标点符号；错的书写格式。对照批改方法，学生先批改自己的作文，直到自己满意为止。然后轮流互批，写上评语并签好名。同桌之间可以就互改的情况展开讨论，教师对学生写得贴切的或富有个性的评语，要及时拿出来示范，取长补短。有不同意见，允许争论；教师在学生自改作文的基础上从总体角度评点学生作文，对出现的新问题及时解决。
运用合作学习的方法批改作文，把课堂的舞台留给学生，并不意味着教师可以无所事事了。相反，教师要担负更大的管理和调控职责。因为学生在合作批改作文的过程中，随时都会有意外的问题发生，如果这些问题得不到及时有效的解决，往往会阻碍合作学习的顺利开展。因此，教师应对各小组的合作学习进行现场观察和介入，为他们提供及时有效的指导。教师要对小组中的每个学生的学习情形做到心中有数，以便判断小组合作是否成功，并将结果及时反馈给各个小组的每一个成员，让每个人都感到自己与其他人成功合作的重要性，也知道谁需要支持、鼓励和帮助。
五、小组合作，进行作文成果展示。
一般情况下，每次习作产生的优秀作文不会很多，但是，优秀段落、优秀语句往往不少。我们在班级或校园橱窗一般都展示学生的优秀作文，却忽视了优秀段落和优秀语句。原因往往是优秀段落或语句篇幅太小，不适合展示。采用小组合作的方法，就可以很好地解决这个问题。
教师要引导学生努力挖掘、肯定学生作文中的闪光之处，哪怕是一则贴切的选材、一句精彩的话语、一个新奇的比喻。运用小组合作，在橱窗或班级博客中可以将个人的优秀作文展示变为小组的作文成果展示。小组中最优秀的作文可以全文展示，而其他成员的优秀段落和优秀语句可以集中到一起，变成优秀语段集锦进行展示。这样可以使所有学生都有强烈的成就感，使他们感受到成功的愉悦。全班同学还可以在文后“跟帖”，进行赏析评论。将作文批改延伸到作文展示阶段，这就同时锻炼了读和写的能力。这种成果展示方法能使学生形成积极的写作心理，他在下次作文中就会有意或无意地去继续尝试以前获得的成功，日积月累，成功的表现越来越多，优秀作文就产生了。这种做法，大大激发了学生写作的兴趣，调动了学生的积极性。写作对他们来说，再不是一件苦差，而是一件快乐的事情。
需要强调的是，在作文教学中，学生进行小组合作学习应以自主为前提。离开自主谈合作，那是不实际的。合作学习的顺利开展需要先有学生的自主学习。如果合作学习前离开了的学生的独立思考、自主学习，那合作学习就不能达到理想的程度。
在运用小组合作学习的常用方法的过程中，教师应对学生的合作能力和技巧予以有针对性的指导。应指导他们根据组内人员的不同特点，进行合理分工，明确各人的责任。这样，才能使每个成员积极参与合作学习，提高作文教学的效率。
参考文献：
[1]中华人民共和国教育部.义务教育语文课程标准[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社，2012：3.
[2]MJacobs G，Power M A，Inn L W.合作学习的教师指南[M].北京：北京轻工业出版社，2005：34.
[3]MJacobs G，Power M A，Inn L W.合作学习的教师指南[M].北京：北京轻工业出版社，2005：36.
[4]MJacobs G，Power M A，Inn L W.合作学习的教师指南[M].北京：北京轻工业出版社，2005：55.
[5]田杰.试论素质教育评价体系的基本特点[J].中国教育学刊，2000.
[6]中华人民共和国教育部.义务教育语文课程标准[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社，2012：31.
[7]MJacobs G，Power M A，Inn L W.合作学习的教师指南[M].北京：北京轻工业出版社，2005：61.
作者：范琦
Task 1 summarization
First paragraph
translate the subject.
words may be used: be made up of… ;be composed of… Main part
According to the graph… , more specifacally
It is manifest from the graph that… , to be more exact the greatest increase is in…rising from …to … next came sth.
over the same period.
word may be used:
go up/increase/grow
jump/shoot up/surge
decline/drop/fall
plunge/plummet (急剧下降)
sharply/rapidly/dramatically
slow/gentle
fluctuate
level off at/level out at
peak at/reach the highest point at
bottom at/reach the bottom at
account for/make up/occupy
about/around/nearly/approximately
respectively (eg:In the 2004 Olympics,China and Russia won x and y gold medals,respectively)
expect/predict(eg:A is expected/predicted to reach…) Last paragraph
Therefore, it can be clearly seen from the graph that…
As a matter of fact, the issue of whether/ the phenomenon that/ the issue that________________________is a complex and controversial(复杂的) one. On one hand, many people may feel that ___1____,and correspondingly(相关的)____解释1______; on the other hand, it can be noted that ____2_______and hence (因此)___2的结果_. There is no universal answer to this question; so different people can hold different opinions due to their distinct backgrounds and values. As far as I am concerned, while I agree that under some circumstances___1____, ___2___, is somehow reasonable, however my opinion is that ____________ and it can be greatly substantiated by the reasons addressed below.B:
1)the speaker asserts that____复述或解释题目观点______,Although the speaker’s position is not wholly insupportable, far more compelling arguments can be made for ________自己的观点___________
2)the issue of whether to ____复述_____ is a complex one, since it involves a conflict between our interest in ___doing___ and a legitimate need to ____do____. In my point of view, the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of two key factors.
TOPIC:
1)Since I _______________, I prefer to ___________________.
2)In the past, I have often been pleasantly surprised by_________; therefore, I would rather
____________________.
3)While there still exist ___________________,our resources/attention should be focused here not in other place.
4)If you define ____题目中你认为不对的观点_____, then I would gave to agree that today. 5)______结果______is important to me, so I would prefer to _____观点______.
承接性句子
1)My reasons for this view involve the notions of respect and trust. 2)
二、中间段
1)first…….Second…….finally
2)firstly…..for example; another opinion…..say,…..;in addition,……
3)Although we may not have conclusive scientific evidence of a cause-effect relationship, ample anecdotal evidence establishes significant correlation. Moreover, both common sense and our experiences inform us that people tend to _________________________________.4)The virtues of ______are undeniable.
三、例证
1)Moreover, this approach can be used by anyone---排比性例证
2)XXX,CEO of XXX Company, which is major manufacturer of XXX, once pointed out ( and I paraphrase) that _________. This illustrates the point that _________.
3)Professor XXX, highly respected and well-know professor at china academy of social science, once pointed out (and I paraphrase) that____. This illustrates the point that ____________
4)As head of XXX department at my university once said (and I paraphrase) , “_________”. This illustrates the point that ___________.
5)According to a recent survey conducted by the XXX department of XXX University among AAA. NNN percent of AAA CCC. The result of the survey also indicates an increase of over NNN percent within NNN years in the rates of BBB. Researchers of XXX believe that _____. In AAA where not CCC, the occurrence of such problems drops dramatically.
四、结尾段
1)In my estimation the pitfalls of such a technique outweigh any of its potential advantages.
2)I think anyone would be hard-pressed to find fault with this advice.
3)To conclude, there is no easy solution to such a complex issue, however, taking into account all the dimensions of the issue discussed in the above analysis, might be the first step out of the dilemma.
4)In sum, it is very likely that people will be able to arrive at the same conclusion on this controversial issue due to their different experiences, and conflicting values. Nevertheless, public awareness of the various dimensions of the issue discussed above argument will certainly contribute to the thorough understanding of the problem.
5)In conclusion, while some people may still remain unconvinced, the reason that I have
analyzed in above argument should at least make them aware of the complexities of the issue under discussion. There is little doubt that more and more people will come to realize that _____________.
五、连贯与衔接
第一，首先 first, firstly, first of all , to begin with, in the first place, to start with 一方面，另一方面for one thing…for another; on the one hand…on the other hand 一般来说 generally speaking, in general 起初 in the beginning, at first
目前，现在 at present, now, currently, by this time 最近 recently, lately
第二、第三，其次 second, secondly, third, thirdly, for another
………………………………………………………………………………………….. 此外，而且，并且，尤其，同样地，正如，与此同时
Additionally, again, along with, also, and then, as well as, besides, equally, even, further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, likewise, moreover, not only…but also, similarly, to put it another way, to repeat, then, too, what is more
………………………………………………………………………………………….. 例如，即
A case in point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstrate …………………………………………………………………………………………..
此后，后来 afterwards, after that, after a while, after a few days, from now on, later, soon, then
为此 for this purpose 换句话说 in other words
确实 as a matter of fact, certainly, indeed, in fact, , surely, truly, undoubtedly, without doubt ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 显然 obviously, in stark/contrast, clearly 不论怎样 anyway
最重要的是，特别是 most important, above all, in particular 经对比 by contrast, in contrast, by comparison, in comparison,
相反/相对的 conversely, instead, on the contrary, otherwise, unlike, whereas, while, yet, rather than
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
相同的、相同重要的 equally, equally important, in the same way, in the same manner, like, likewise, similarly, all the same 诚然，让步 admittedly, after all,
尽管although, even though, in spite of,
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
结果 accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus 结论 as has been noted/mentioned/stated, at last, finally, in a word, all in all, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in sum, in summary, to conclude, to sum up, to summarize
………………………………………………………………………………………….六、同义词
Only= sole= exclusive= peerless= best Way= method= means
Make= form= shape= create
Man= human= person= individual= anyone Trustworthy= dependable
Trust= depend= entrust= believe Write up= report
Work out= solve= calculate= exercise Wind up= finish Turn up= discover Turn out= conclude Turn into= transform Stand for= represent
Spell out= state in detail Set up= arrange
Rule out= eliminate(消除) Run across= find accidentally Run into= meet by accident Put off= postpone(推迟) Pick out= select
Put up with= tolerate
Make out= understand with difficulty Make up= invent= compose Bring about= cause Look up to= respect
Look up= located information Look over= examine Keep on= continue
Keep up= remain current Carry on= transact= continue Clear up= clarify Cut down on=reduce Fall though= fail Figure out= discover Go after= follow Go before= precede Go up= increase Go over= review
雅思大作文写作是形式比较固定的议论文写作，所以雅思大作文常用句型的掌握会让大家在备考雅思大作文的时候更加的省时省力。下面为大家搜集整理了20个雅思大作文常用句型，供大家参考。
1. It has been decided that we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed within this year.
2. It is obvious (evident) that the success of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts.
3. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.
4. It is natural that one may have trouble expressing complicated ideas in simple English.
5. What is more important, the agreement they have negotiated is being carried out.
6. We will be successful as long as we persevere.
7. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may not apply to things happening here.
8. It is true that we must redouble our efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.
9. I take it for granted that they will support this idea./I regard it as natural that they will agree to this idea.
10. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.
11. The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
12. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.
13. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.
14. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t utter a word.
15. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
16. Our goal must be attained. Our goal can unquestionably be attained.
17. Noting can prevent us from realizing the four modernizations.
18. Now in China, more and more families can afford to buy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, video orders.
19. No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.
20. It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build socialist modernization
1.从„中受益
Benefit from…
People nowadays benefit quite a lot from the widespread use of the Internet 现代的人从网络的广泛使用中受益匪浅
2.使„受益
Benefit…
Modern technologies can benefit the general public in many respects (在很多方面) 现代科技可以在很多方面使大众受益
3.对„有益，有助于„ Be beneficial to + 名词 Be conducive to + 名词
Contribute to + 名词(注：如果要跟动词原形，可用serve to do„)
1.Taking care of pets is conducive to the development of Children’s social skills (社交能力). 2. It is widely believed that advertising serves to stimulate consumption (刺激消费) 1.照顾宠物有助于孩子社交能力的发展; 2. 普遍认为，广告有助于刺激消费
5.协助某人做某事
Assist sb to do„(等同于常用的help ) The internet assists children to study in a more effective way 网络协助孩子们以一种更有效的方式学习
6.提高„(效率 生产率) 1).Enhance… 2).boost … (Efficiency Productivity) Computers help students enhance their study efficiency substantially (显著地) 电脑帮助学生们显著地提高他们的学习效率
7.培养„ Cultivate…
8.开阔眼界
1).Broaden one’s horizons 2).Expand one’s outlook
9.丰富知识
Enrich one’s knowledge
留学不仅开阔你的眼界，而且增长你的知识 10.磨练性格
Sharpen one’s character
11.激发(对„的)热情
Trigger off Inspire one’s enthusiasm (for…) 类似:磨练技能Sharpen one’s skills abilities Job satisfaction is very likely to inspire one’s enthusiasm for life as a whole 工作满意度很可能激发一个人对生活的整体热情
1 12.放松身心
Relax one’s body and ease one’s mind
Holidays can relax students’ bodies and ease their minds 假期可以放松学生的身心
13.发挥潜力，达到最大潜力 Fulfill one’s potential Reach one’s full potential
Studying various subjects can help students fulfill their potential 学习各种科目可以帮助学生发挥他们的潜力
14.引起公众对„的关心
Trigger off Arouse public concern over…
The deteriorating environment has triggered off much public concern over the existence and development of mankind 正在恶化的环境已经引起了公众对人类生存和发展的关心
15.提高公众对的„意识 Raise the public awareness of …
The government should raise the public awareness of environmental preservation 政府应该提高公众的环境保护意识
16.为„消除障碍，为„铺平道路 Remove the barrier for… Pave the way for…
The invention of a global language would remove the barrier for international communication 一门全球性语言的发明会为国际交流消除障碍
18.促进„的发展
Promote the development of…
The widespread use of English has promoted the development of international communication and interaction (互动) 英语的广泛使用已经促进了国际交流和互动的发展
19.让某人有能力去做„ 1).Enable sb to + 动词 2).Equip sb with the ability to…
1.Going abroad can enable students to get a clear perspective of what the outside world is like and what they want from their lives
20.适应„ 1).Adapt to +名词 2).Get used to +名词
2.Students should learn to adapt to the increasingly fierce competition (越来越激烈的竞争) 1.出国可以让学生清楚地认识到外面的世界是什么样子的以及他们想从生活中得到什么 2.学生应该学会适应越来越激烈的竞争
21.采取„措施去做某事 处理„
Take „ measures to + 动词
The government should take immediate measures to curb the proliferation of pollution
2 (Effective 有效的; Efficient 高效的 Stringent 严厉的; Immediate 及时的) Deal with… cope with…
22.抑制„的扩散 Curb the proliferation of…
28.用„武装某人 Equip sb with sth We should equip ourselves with various skills 我们应该用各种技能武装自己
26.优先考虑„ Give priority to…
Parents always give priority to their children’s future development 家长总是优先考虑他们孩子的未来发展
27.使„为„做准备 Prepare sb for sth Studying a wide range of subjects will prepare students for their future employment
23.„是„不可或缺的一部分 „ is an indispensable part of…
At present, advertising has become an indispensable part of our daily lives and it has been exerting (施加) profound influence on the way we live and work 目前，广告已经成为我们日常生活不可或缺的一部分，并且，它一直在对我们的生活和工作方式施加深远的影响
24. 清晰地认识到„ 不清楚„
Get a clear perspective of… Lack a clear perspective of Self-selection is the best way for students to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives 对于学生来说，自我选择是清楚地认识到他们希望用他们一生做什么的最好方式
25.借鉴„
对„有更开阔的视野 Draw on…
Have a broader view of…
Students who spend some time traveling to other places have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on
1.对„提出挑战 Pose a challenge to …
A decreasing supply of natural resources is posing a challenge to the sustainable development (可持续发展)of human society 正在减少的自然资源供给正对人类社会的可持续发展提出挑战
2.对„有„的影响
Have (Have还可替换为: impose produce exert engender) + a (an) + adj + effect (impact influence) on „ Part-time jobs can produce a far-reaching impact on students, benefiting students, their families and even the
3 society as a whole. (深远的:profound far-reaching) (积极的:positive ; 消极的: negative) (重大的:significant dramatic ) 兼职工作可以对学生，他们的家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响
3.在„中起到„作用
Play a(an) + 形容词 + role in„
Pivotal 关键的; Indispensible 不可或缺的 Dominant 主导的; Essential 重要的
4„.的大量使用(普及) The widespread use of… The proliferation of …
如果要说“„的过度使用”，则是the overuse of„
The widespread use of private cars has brought about a series of severe problems, particularly environmental contamination and traffic congestion 私家车的广泛使用已经导致了一系列的严重问题，特别是环境污染和交通堵塞
5.比„更多 1).Outweigh… 2).Prevail over…
The advantages of private cars far outweigh their disadvantages 私家车的好处远远多于它的坏处
6.某一时间某一地方发生了某事
时间 + see witness experience+ 事件+ 地点 (时间和地点的位置可互换)
1. 2009 witnessed two major events in China =China witnessed two major events in 2009 2. The 21st century saw a dramatic rise of people’s living standards
7.加大缩小„和„之间的差距 Widen narrow the gap between…and …
The technology available to individuals is actually widening the gap between the rich and the poor, rather than narrowing it 供大众使用的科技实际上正在加宽贫富差距，而不是缩小它
8.让某人接触某事
1). Put sb into contact with sth 2). Expose sb to sth Exposing young children to excessive (过多的) violence and pornography would be detrimental to their personal development. 让小孩子接触过多的暴力和色情会对他们的个人发展不利
9.源于„
1).Result from… 2).Stem from… 3).spring from … 1.Stress resulting from excessive work may lead to a wide variety of (各式各样的) problems 2.Technological innovations have brought about profound changes in every aspect of our daily lives
10.导致„
4 1).Lead to… 2).Result in… 3).Give rise to … 4).bring about…
11.„可归因为„ „ can be attributed to …
The high sales of certain products, to a large extent (在很大程度上), can be attributed to the power of advertising 某些产品的高销售，在很大程度上，可被归因于广告的力量
12.„归功于„ „ owe much to…
The improvement of people’s living standard
owes much to the rapid development of science and technology. 人们生活水平的进步归功于科学和技术的快速发展
13.承担„的责任
Assume Shoulder the responsibility for…
The government should shoulder the responsibility for ensuring (ensure确保) that adequate job opportunities should be available to college graduates (大学毕业生) 政府应该承担确保有足够工作机会提供给大学毕业生的责任
14.„伴随着„ .…is accompanied by…
The rapid progression of the internet is often accompanied by overuse of it 网络的快速进步经常伴随着它的过度使用
15.促使某人做某事 Impel sb to do sth (激励某人做某事可以说 motivate sb to do sth ) Peer pressure (同辈压力) impels college graduates to compete with each other for decent jobs (体面的工作) 同辈压力促使大学毕业生彼此竞争体面的工作
16.确保„ Ensure that „ 1. The information age (信息时代) renders us slaves to high technologies, such as computers and the Internet 2.The fast-paced lifestyle has rendered people alienated (疏远) from one another
17.„ 让„变成某种状态 „ render„+形容词或者名词 (和make同义)
18.关键是„ 用)computers 2.The key point is that we should attach more importance to (更重视) environmental protection 1. 我认为关键是确保孩子们不过度使用电脑;2. 关键是，我们应该更重视环境保护
19.把„纳入考虑 把„放在第一位 Put… at first place Take „into consideration account Most college graduates take job promotions into consideration and put personal 1).The key point is to + 动词短语
1.I think the key point is to make sure that children do not overuse (过度使2).The key point is that + 句子
development at first place 大多数大学毕业生把升职纳入考虑范围，并把个人发展放在第一位
20.面对„ 1).Be confronted with„ 2).Be faced with„ People nowadays are confronted with so many problems, particularly (特别是) the deterioration of environment and air pollution
5 现在的人面对如此多的问题，特别是，环境恶化和空气污染
21.专注于„ 1).Focus on„
2).Concentrate on… Focusing on certain subjects allows students to better concentrate on the related knowledge 专注于某些科目让孩子更好地把精力集中在相关知识上
22.以„为代价 At the expense cost of „ We should not develop economy at the expense of the environment 我们不应该以环境为代价来发展经济
23.靠„ (后跟动词短语表方式) 凭借„ by + 动词的ing形式
by means of + 名词
1. Old people can help those junior workers by sharing their experience and resources. 2.By means of Internet connection, youngsters from poor families can attend lectures of most prestige professors 1.老年人可以靠分享他们的经验和资源来帮助那些初级工人
2.凭借网络连接，来自穷人家的年轻人可以参加大多数知名教授的课程
24.而不是„ 1).instead of„ 2).rather than…
(instead of„感情色彩更强，表示“完全不是„”)
A recent survey indicates young people in their teens spend the vast majority of their spare time watching TV rather than talking with other family members. 最近的调查表明，处于青少年时期的年轻人花费大量业余时间看电视，而不是和家人交谈
25.不管„ 1).Regardless of „
(后面跟名词或者一个疑问口气的句子，如例句1) 2).In spite of„(用法同上) 3).Despite the fact that„ (后面只能跟个陈述句，如例句2) 1.Children nowadays are allowed to buy whatever they like, regardless of whether it is useful for them 2.Despite the fact that the number of whales (鲸鱼) is decreasing sharply, the Japanese government still decided to continue its commercial whaling (商业捕鲸) 1.现在的孩子被允许买任何他们喜欢的东西，不管是否对他们有用 2.尽管鲸鱼的数量正在大幅增长，日本政府仍然决定继续商业捕鲸
26.在„方面(限制观点的适用范围) In terms of„ knowledge 旅行在开阔眼界和增长知识方面，对孩子的个人成长有利
27. 有了„ 没有„
(既可表示假设也可表示因果) In the absence of…
(以上两个短语分别等同于with„和 without„) With the presence of advertising , consumers can stay well-informed of (很灵通地获得„的消息) the latest products in the market 有了广告的存在，消费者可以很灵通的获得市场上最新产品的消息
28.为了交换„
in exchange for„
With the presence of„
Travel is beneficial to children’s personal growth in terms of broadening their horizons and enriching their People nowadays tend to sacrifice health simply in exchange for career success 现代的人倾向于牺牲健康，仅仅为了交换职业成功
29.倾向于 往往 Tend to + 动词
1.Youngsters tend to be more impulsive (冲动的) and are more likely to go astray 2. Compared with the older generation, young people nowadays are more likely to be independent at an earlier age. 3. It is very likely that the widespread use of the Internet would bring about more problems
30.可能„ Be likely to + 动词
It is likely that + 句子 (如例句3) 1.年轻人往往更冲动，更可能误入歧途
2.和老一辈人相比，现在的年轻人更可能在一个较早的年纪独立 3.很可能，网络的广泛使用会导致更多问题
31.„不能代替„ „
is no substitute for „ We should keep in mind that the internet is no substitute for teachers 我们应该牢记，网络不能代替老师
32.„被(不能被)„证明是合理的 „
can (not) be justified by „ (也可用主动语态, 如例句2)
1.It often seems that (似乎„)the amount of money movie stars are able to earn in a short time cannot possibly be justified by the amount of work they do 2.All these factors may justify the huge earnings of movie stars 1.似乎电影明星在短时间内能挣到的钱的数量不能被他们所做的工作量证明是合理的 2.所有这些因素都可能证明明星的巨额收入是合理的
33.重视„
1).Attach importance to „ 2).Place (more) value on…
Parents in present-day society attach much importance to their children’s future development 当今社会的父母非常重视他们孩子的未来发展
34.过量的„ 适量的„
An excessive amount of„ A moderate amount of… (Excessively 过量地) (Moderately 适量地) 1.The Internet is saturated with (充斥着) an excessive amount of violent content 2.Depending excessively on computers is very likely to stifle people’s creativity at work 1.网络充斥着过量的暴力内容; 2.过分依赖电脑很可能扼杀人们在工作中的创造力
35.越来越多的„
An increasing growing number of +可数名词 (把number换成amount即可接不可数名词)
A pressing issue facing us is that (我们面临的一个迫切问题是„)a growing amount of trash is being produced day and night. (黑体部分是现在进行时的被动语态, 即 “Be 动词+ being+动词的过去分词”) 我们面临的一个迫切问题是，越来越多的垃圾正在被日以继夜地生产
36.越来越„ Increasingly + 形容词
7 Due to the expanding population and the sharp rise in the number of private cars, our city is becoming increasingly crowded 由于扩张的人口和私家车数量的大幅增长，我们的城市正变得越来越拥挤
37.很多的„，
Numerous„ = A large number of„ (替换a lot of, 例子省略) Cell phones bring us considerable convenience (巨大的方便性) Considerable (巨大的，可用来形容一些抽象的概念，如: 变化，方便性，舒适度等 手机给我们带来巨大的方便性
38.绝大多数的„
the vast majority of +可数名词.(替换most)
The vast majority of consumers will give priority to the quality before buying something 绝大多数消费者在购买前会优先考虑质量
39.各式各样的„ 1).A wide variety of „ 2).A wide range of… 3).Various…
We are confronted with a wide variety of advertisements in present-day society 在当今社会，我们面对各式各样的广告
40.供„使用 (供„选择) 1).Be available to + 名词 2).Be accessible to + 名词
A wide range of job opportunities are available to college graduates in present-day society 在当今社会，各式各样的工作机会可供大学毕业生选择
41.在„之间找到平衡(妥善处理...)
Find (find可替换为strike) a balance between„and„
Some students fail to (不能) strike a balance between study and play 一些学生没能在学习和娱乐之间找到平衡
42.在很大程度上 在某种程度上
to a large extent to some extent Money, to a large extent, is the main drive of hard work (黑体部分的意思是：什么什么是什么什么的主要驱动) (如要表达：„是„的根本原因，则是：„ is the root cause of „) 金钱，在很大程度上，是努力工作的主要动力
43. 急需„
Be in urgent need of„
Young students are in urgent need of proper guidance (指导) from their teachers 年轻学生急需来自老师的指导
44. 利用„ Make use of Students should make full use of (充分利用)their campus life (make good use of „ 好好利用„) 学生应该充分利用他们的校园生活
8 倒退类 1.不能做某事 Fail to do„ (等同cannot)
Nowadays, people often end up buying products that fail to meet their needs, owing to lack of knowledge of better alternatives (选择，和choice同义)in the market
2.最终... (形容不太好的事) End up + 动名词
3.对„有害
Be detrimental harmful to„
目前，人们经常最终买到不能满足他们需要的产品，由于缺乏对市场中更好选择的了解
Too much time spent on TV watching is detrimental to children’s psychological well-being (心理健康) 过多花费在看电视上的时间对孩子的心理健康有害
4.对„构成威胁 Pose a threat to „
China’s entry into WTO would pose a great threat to quite a number of domestic manufacturers (国内生产商) 中国加入WTO会对相当数量的国内生产商构成威胁
5.打击某人的热情 Dampen one’s enthusiasm Nothing can dampen my enthusiasm for English 任何事都不能打击我对英语的热情
6.限制 扼杀创造力
Constrain stifle one’s creativity
7.比„劣Be inferior to„ (比„优) (Be superior to…)
Many youngsters tend to believe that domestic films are inferior to imported ones 很多年轻人往往相信国产电影比进口电影差
8.依赖„ (取决于„) Depend on „
Most youngsters nowadays depend excessively on their parents, due to lack of independence 现在的大多数年轻人过分依赖父母，由于缺乏独立性
9.缺乏„
Lack of „ (名词短语) Lack„(动词短语) generation gap. 2).Most people lack a clear perspective about what they want from their lives 1.缺乏足够和父母的交流和情感分享可能加宽已经存在的代沟 2.大多数人没有清楚地意识到他们想从生活中得到什么
10.对„脆弱
Be vulnerable to „
Without proper parental guidance, children are very vulnerable to the violent content on the Internet 如果没有适当的父母指导，孩子对网络上的暴力内容非常脆弱
11.充斥着„
9 Be saturated with„
1).Lack of adequate communication and emotional exchange with parents may widen the already existing
12.剥夺某人的„ Deprive sb of „
Depending too much on computers will deprive people of their creativity 过分依赖电脑会剥夺人们的创造力
13.诱惑某人做某事 驱使某人做某人 Tempt sb to do„
Drive sb to do„ (褒义贬义都可以) 1).Advertising often tempts people to buy things they do not really need 2).The desire to go abroad is driving me to study hard 1.广告经常诱惑人们购买他们实际上不需要的东西 2.出国的欲望正在驱使我刻苦学习
14.盲目地跟从„
Follow„ indiscriminately (“盲目地”也可以用blindly) People nowadays, especially some youngsters, follow the latest fashion blindly 现在的人，特别是一些年轻人，盲目跟从最新的流行趋势
15.在„方面相当受限
Be rather restricted in terms of„
Youngsters nowadays are rather restricted in terms of social experience 现在的年轻人在社会阅历方面相当受限
16.利用„
(常用来说明有不良意图的利用) Take advantage of„
Advertising often tempts consumers to make a purchase by taking advantage of their ignorance about a product 广告经常靠利用消费者对产品的无知来诱惑他们购买
17.对„保持清醒
Stay alert to + 名词
We should stay alert to the negative influence brought by modern technologies 我们应该对被现代科技所带来的负面影响保持警惕
18.有„的风险
At the risk of„
Firefighters are often at the risk of losing their lives
19.限制„„的发展
restrict the development of 20.降低„„的效率
lower the efficiency of„
21.与…有密切关系
be closely interrelated with… 22. 把重心放在… lay more emphasis on…
雅思培训 http://ielts.longre.com托福培训http://toefl.longre.com
雅思写作常用逻辑连接词 在雅思写作中，不同逻辑关系的表达就意味着要使用不同的句式结构，不同的连接词。因此，连接词在写作中是否能正确的使用就决定着文章逻辑关系是否合理。笔者在多年的教学中发现，有的考生不明白在写作中该使用怎样的连接词，有的考生不知道连接词的使用是否正确。本文中，朗阁雅思培训中心的专家将总结一些写作中常用的连接词。
一、常见列举用转折词语
1. for one thing, for another, above all things;
2. to begin/start with, next/besides/moreover, last/finally;
3. in the first place, in the second, in the third, (and) best of/worst of all;
4. one of these, another,(there is) still another(reason/factor);
上述词组的意思是：
1. 首先;其次;最重要的是;
2. 首先;然后/此外/而且;最后;
3. 第一，首先;第二;第三;最好的是/最糟糕的是;
4. 其中一个;另一个;还有一个(原因/因素);
二、常见对比转折词语
1. but, but on the contrary, but on the other hand, but then;
2. by contrast, in contrast, in contrast with/to, as a contrast to, as opposed to;
3. by contraries, on the contrary, to the contrary, contrary to (A), opposite to, in opposition to;
4. whereas, while, while on the other hand, while on the whole, yet, however;
5. (as) compared with/to, by comparison, in comparison with, by comparison to
6. First..., Next..., Last...;
7. In the first / early / initial / infant period / stage / phase(或In its infancy)..., In the second / middle / adult / ripe period / stage / phase..., In the third / last / closing / later / concluding period...;
8. One step (way/course/approach/secret/trick)..., Another step..., Still another step...;
9. The first measure/step/move..., Next to it comes..., And the last/final/the most important measure...;
10. The direct experience/lesson/factor/way(或One lesson)... The indirect experience/lesson/factor/way(或The other lesson)...
上述词组的意思是：
1. 但是;但相反地;但另一方面;但是接下去;
2. 通过对比;经过对比;经与…对比;作为与…的对比;作为…的对照;
3. 相反;相反;相反;与A相反;与…相反;与…相反;
4. 然而;然而;然而另一方面;然而整体而言;然而;然而;
5. 跟…相比
6. 首先…;其次…;最后…;
7. 在第一个/早期/开始/婴儿时期/阶段;在第二个/中间/成人/成熟时期/阶段;在第三个/最后/结束/后面的阶段;
8. 一个措施/方法/做法/秘密/计策是…;另一个措施是…;还有一个措施是…;
9. 第一个措施是…;接着是…;最后一个/最重要的措施是…;
10. 直接经验/教训/因素/途径是(一个教训是)…;间接经验/教训/因素/途径是(另一个教训是)…
三、常见对比转折句型
1. But the obvious (fatal/serious) flaw (defect/drawback) in their argument
(attitude/idea/view/action/behavior) is that.../But the basic (main/great/key/ big) problem with their argument (...) is that...
e.g. ...that they are ignorant of (blind to) a bare fact: Social changes have attached new meanings and values to the division between good and bad.2. But if...it is (not) easy (difficult/hard) to see (find/discover) that ... e.g. But if they adjust their frame of mind a little in the other direction , it is not hard for them to find that life is just as promising as before.
3. Too much emphasis (attention/stress/concern/significance) placed on (given to/focused on/attached to/paid to) the negative (sunny/gloomy/bright) side of the issue, however, may...(如mislead/confuse/cloud/bias/disturb our judgment of it.)A
e.g. ..., however, may mislead us to form a pessimistic estimate of current
situations.或..., however, may stop us from rendering (passing/forming/having) a fair (correct/clear/infallible/wise) judgment on it.
4. But in most cases/from the point of view of justice (objectivity)/as a matter of fact/in a very true sense, their (public/general) satisfaction
(dissatisfaction/disillusionment/concern) with...(或their criticism of.../their argument for/against.../their objection to.../their approval for...)can not.../is..., for...
e.g. But in an impartial sense, the public dissatisfaction can not hold every water, for our society is still abundant in goodness and beauty.
5. As a result of..., however, things would/are bound to...
e.g. As a result of such an utter indifference to vicious behavior, however , things would be past saving/mending/all the hope.
上述句型的意思是：
1. 但他们辩论/态度/观点/看法/行为中的明显/致命的/严重的缺点/缺陷是…;他们辩论的基本/最大/主要问题在于…
例：…他们忽视了一个赤裸裸的事实：社会变革给善恶的区分赋予了新的意义和价值。
2. 但如果…很(不)容易/难发现…
例：但如果他们稍微调整一下思路，就不难发现生活还是跟以前一样前途光明。
3. 然而，对问题负面/正面/阴暗面给予/集中/附加了太多的强调/注意/关注会…(如误导/混淆/掩盖/歪曲/干扰我们对它的判断)
例：然而，…会误导我们对目前的形势形成悲观的估计。或：然而，…会阻碍我们对其形成/有一个正确的/清楚的/无误的/明智的判断。
4. 但大多数情况下/从公正(客观)的角度来看/实际上/真正意义上，他们/公众/对…的满意/不满/幻灭/关注(或：他们对…的批评/他们对…辩解(辩驳)/他们对…的反对/他们对…的支持)不能…/是…，因为…
例：但从公正的角度来看，公众的不满并不都有道理，因为我们的社会仍然充满着善与美。
5. 然而，作为…的结果，事情会注定…
例：然而，作为对不良行为全然漠视的结果，事情将成为过去，希望还在。
四、常见情景/参照物设定的词语或结构
1. when, if, the other day in a certain place, suppose/imagine/assume (that...), in (the) course/time of...for instance, in the event of等;
2. in the case of, as for/to, as far as...is/are concerned, The same is true of..., when compared with, in comparison with, by comparison等;
3. If there is anything that comes close to/is comparable to/with...,...there is hardly, a thing that compares favorable with/can rival...
上述句型的意思是：
1. 当…的时候;如果;几天前在某地;假设/想象/倘使…;在…期间;例如;万一…;
2. 关于;关于;关于;关于…也是一样;当与…相比;当与…相比;通过比较;
3. 如果说有什么能与…相比，那么几乎没有什么能与…(另一事物)相比/匹敌。
雅思写作常用连接词(1) 常用的连接词:
1)表层次:
first, firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place
second, secondly, to start with, still, furthermore
third, thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least
Also, and, then, next, besides
and equally important, too, moreover
Besides, in addition, finally
2)表转折：
by contrast although though yet
at the same time but despite the fact that even so
in contrast nevertheless even though for all that
notwithstanding on the contrary however in spite of
on the other hand otherwise instead still
regardless
3)表因果：
therefore consequently because of for the reason
thus hence due to owing to
so accordingly thanks to on this account
since as on that account in this way
for as a result as a consequence
4)表让步：
still nevertheless concession granted naturally
in spite of all the same of course despite
even so after all
5)表递近：
furthermore moreover likewise what is more
besides also not only...but also...
too in addition
6)表举例：
for example for instance for one thing that is
to illustrate as an illustration a case in point
7)表解释：
as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely
in other words
8)表总结：
in summary in a word thus as has been said
in brief in conclusion altogether in other words
to conclude in fact finally in simple terms
indeed in short in particular that is
in other words of course on the whole to put it differently
namely in all therefore to summarize
在雅思写作的四大评分标准当中，连贯性与衔接性是其中的一项评分标准，连贯性与衔接性其中一方面就是用连接手段(即连接词)来实现的。连接词本身是非常繁琐的知识，在教授连接词时也会遇到很多困难，那么学连接词首先把连接词词性掌握并掌握各词性的用法，学连接词就简便得多。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，连接词大体可分为四种词性：连词，副词，介词和短语，它们各自的用法又不一样。
连词
如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。
例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词)
段落开始： But how should it be achieved ( 连词放句首)
介词
如before, despite：后接名词或动名词
例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment.
副词
副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号(当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句)
例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句)
The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中)
短语
如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样
例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion.
The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中)
掌握连接词的四大词性及用法以后，连接词的教学和运用就容易展开。我们可以参看考官范文，看看各类关系的时候考官如何使用连接词，使文章凸显出来。
因果关系
根据词性及用法可归结于:
because / since/ as / for, so (连词),
because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of (介词)
for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly (短语和副词)
例：I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our tendency to use sth once and throw it away. (可代替词汇because of/ due to / owing to)
转折关系
根据词性及用法可归结于
but/ while/ yet/ whereas(连词)
however/ nonetheless/ nevertheless/ on the other hand (副词和短语)
rather/ instead (副词)
rather than/ instead of (介词)
例：Because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home to 6 or 7. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger. (可代替词汇 rather)
My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person’s life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. (考官钟爱词汇)
递进关系
moreover/ what’s more/ furthermore/ besides/ in addition (副词)
in addition to/ besides/ apart from (介词)
例: Apart from these tensions caused by cultural differences, international tourism may also lead to conflicts between tourists and a local community. (可代替词汇：in addition to, besides)
让步关系
although/ though/ even though/ even if/while (连词)
in spite of/ despite (介词)
no matter how/when/ what (连词)
例： In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied.
They are allowed to buy whatever they want, no matter how much it cost (考官高分句式)
学生学习和教师授课时，可根据以上方法对不同的关系词(如表结果，目的的连接词)进行归类。
翻看考官范文，我们发现当中有些副词(最典型为 for example, however, therefore)放在句子中间，前后用逗号隔开，这种句式也是相当的经典。例如：
There is, however, another problem way of defining that part of the quotation.
I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public.
They will, for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to co-ordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport.
朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生，在连接词的学习当中，我们需注意理清连接词的四类词性及各词性用法，然后把不同关系的连接词根据词性进行整理，并广泛仔细的参考高分范文尤其是考官范文当中的优美句式，连接词这一块的分数是值得期待的。
Sentence Structure
常用的“主语+系动词+表语”的句型
1. ...Be (beneficial, important, essential, required, crucial, vital, critical, challenging, difficult, harmful, detrimental, exposed, subject, vulnerable) to something 练习：过度工作对工作者的健康有害。
Overworking is detrimental to workers’ health. 2. Be of benefit (value, importance, interest, concern) to something 练习：在有关小孩成长的重要事情上，父母应该和小孩商量。
Parents should consult children on matters of importance to children’s development. 3. Be likely (unlikely, able, unable, willing, unwilling ,reluctant, pleased, inclined, prone) to do something 练习：环境主义者倾向于反对高密度种植。
Environmentalists are inclined to disagree with intensive farming. 4. The main purpose (objective, function, duty, key, priority) of somebody/something is to do something 练习：学校的主要功能是传播知识。
The main function of schools is to impart knowledge. 5. Be aware (mindful, wary, conscious) of something 练习：很多父母现在意识到儿童早期教育的重要性。
Many parents are now aware of the importance of early childhood education. 6. Be familiar (satisfied, obsessed, preoccupied, concerned) with something 练习：很多父母现在满脑子都是他们的职业。
Many parents are completely preoccupied with their careers. 7. Be under threat (under pressure, under scrutiny, at sick of) 练习：因为缺乏资金，很多的学科项目有倒闭的风险。
Many scientific projects are under threat of closure due to lack of funding. 8. It is important (necessary, easy, difficult, reasonable, imperative, pointless) to do something 练习：否认父母在小孩早期教育的重要性是没有理由的。
It is pointless to deny the importance of parents in children’s early education.
常用的“主语+不及物动词”的句型
9. ...disappeared/vanished/emerged/surfaced/occurred/happened 练习：当国家付出努力提高经济的时候，问题出现了。
Problems have surfaced when countries make an effort to develop their economies. 10. Something increased (climbed/grew/rose/dropped/declined/slid/slipped/plummeted) 练习：电子商务在GDP的比重越来越重要。
E-commerce has increased in importance as share of GDP. 11. Something contribute to (lead to, result in, result from, give rise to, consist of, make up) something 练习：工业化导致资源的耗尽。
Industrialisation has contributed to the depletion of resources.
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12. Somebody focus on (rely on, depend on, belong to) something/somebody 练习：有些人的娱乐只有网络。
Some people rely exclusively on the Internet for entertainment.
常用的“主语+及物动词+宾语”的句型
13. Have a positive (negative, adverse, chronic, cumulative, profound) impact/effect on something 练习：全球化对一个国家的文化认同感有着深远的影响。
Globalisation has a profound impact on a country’s cultural identity. 14. Choose (decide, intend, refuse, endeavour, struggle, arrange) to do something 练习：很多打工族选择参加网络课程来提升他们的知识。
Many working people have chosen to update their knowledge by attending online courses.
常用的“主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语”的句型
15. Encourage (prompt, motivate, require, allow, enable, invite, permit, urge, persuade, empower, expect, anticipate, force) somebody to do something 练习：老师要求小孩去遵守规则。
Teachers require children to obey some rules. 16. Prevent (discourage, deter) somebody from doing something 练习：教育会防止罪犯再次犯罪。
Education can prevent offenders from committing crimes again. 17. Consider (regard, perceive, treat, deem, recognise) somebody/something as somebody/something 练习：一些国家，尤其是发展中国家，将旅游行业看做是更重要的行业。
Some countries, developing countries in particular, regard the travel industry as an important industry.
常用的“被动语态”的句型
18. Somebody is encouraged (motivated, required, permitted, invited, urged, persuaded, empowered, compelled, expected, tempted, entrusted) to do something 练习：小孩被鼓励着去发展他们的爱好。
Children are encouraged to pursue their hobbies.
常用的主语从句
19. It is clear (true, obvious, apparent, unquestionable) that... 练习：很明显的是，父母的行为对孩子的世界观有直接的影响。
It is clear that parents’ behaviour has a direct impact on children’s world view. 20. It should be noted (recognised) that... 练习：需要注意到的是，有些动物实验不是为了开发药物。
It should be noted that some animal-based tests are not for the development of medicine. 21. It is worth mentioning (noting, emphasising) that... 练习：值得一提的是人们的平均工作生涯比几十年前要长。
It is worth mentioning that the average working life is now longer than decades ago. 22. It is widely believed that... 练习：众所周知的是，教育帮助小孩为以后的成年期准备。
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It is widely believed that education prepares children for adulthood. 23. It can be argued that... 练习：有人可能会说，在家里做饭比吃快餐要贵。
It can be argued that cooing meals at home is more expensive than eating fast food. 24. It is not surprising that... 练习：无可置疑的是，劳逸结合对很多人现在都是挑战。
It is not surprising that work-life balance is now a challenge to many people. 25. It is not unusual that... 练习：不足为奇的是，女人有时候需要辞职，为了照顾小孩。
It is not unusual that women have to quit jobs for childrearing responsibility.
常用的主语从句
26. ...reveals/indicates/suggests/shows that... 练习：白手起家的一些富豪的成功展示了正式教育未必像预想的那么重要。
The success of some self-made billionaires indicates that formal education may not be as important as expected. 27. ...believe/argue/hold/suggest/claim/realise/contend/agree that... 练习：人们倾向于相信，年轻人缺乏工作经验是个明显的缺点。
People tend to believe that young people’s lack of work experience is a clear disadvantage. 28. It is important to realise/recognise/acknowledge/note/remember/bear in mind that... 练习：需要意识到有些资源是不可更新的。
It is important to realise that some resources are non-renewable. 29. It is commonplace to argue that... 练习：音乐对大部分人的职业成功不是重要的，这是个常见的说法。
It is commonplace to argue that music is not essential to the career success of most people. 30. It is reasonable to believe that... 练习：文化普及可以减少贫穷，这一看法是合理的。
It is reasonable to believe that literacy can help eliminate poverty. 31. ...aware (convinced) that.. 练习：人们现在意识到他们在全球化社会需要克服语言障碍。
People are now aware that they should overcome language barriers in a globalised world.
常用的表语从句
32. One main argument is that... 练习：一个主要的观点是网络教育适合成人学生的需要。
One main argument is that online education suits the needs of adult students. 33. The main reason is that... 练习：网络购物如此普遍的主要原因是它符合人们生活繁忙的特点。
The main reason for online shopping’s popularity is that it matches people’s busy schedule. 34. The advantage (benefit, consequence, counterargument, difference, disadvantage, downside, explanation, fact, implication, possibility, problem) is that... 练习：可以解释小孩反社会行为的是：小孩用极端的方式表达他们的不满。
The main explanation for children’s anti-social behaviour is that children tend to express their dissatisfaction radically.
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35. The question remains whether... 练习：这个问题仍然存在：是否天性比后天的因素更能够预测人的行为。
The question remains whether nature predicts one’s behavior more reliably than nurture. 36. It seems/proves that... 练习：女性已经被证明在很多职业和男人表现的一样的好。
It proves that women work as well as men do in many occupations. 37. One important point to note is that... 练习：一个主要的观点是著名的运动员有时候对年轻人是一个模范。
One important point to note is that famous athletes are sometimes an inspiration to younger generation. 38. Another fact to bear in mind is that... 练习：另外一个大家要记得的事实是，小孩并不意识到教育的实践意义。
Another fact to bear in mind is that children do not realise the practical value of education.
常用的同位语从句
39. Despite the fact that... 练习：尽管人们讨厌规则，他们事实上在人生很多时候会接受规则，甚至制定规则。
Despite the fact that people hate rules, they in fact accept rules or even set rules from time to time during the course of their lives. 40. Due to/in view of the fact that... 练习：因为乡村经济一般是比较落后，乡村移居城市是可以理解的。
Due to the fact that rural economies are normally backward, the rural-to-urban shift is understandable. 41. This is evidenced by the fact that.. 练习：全球化的证据是很多跨国企业占据了很多国家的市场。
Globalisation is evidenced by the fact that multinational enterprises now dominate the market in many countries. 42. There is little evidence that... 练习：没有什么证据证明，观众可以有效地分析广告的信息。
There is little evidence that viewers can critically analyse the messages of advertisements. 43. ...can come to the conclusion that... 练习：我可以得出结论：现代娱乐未必对一个人的创造力有伤害。
I can come to the conclusion that modern entertainment may not be detrimental to one’s creativity. 44. There can be little doubt/there is no denying that... 练习：无可置疑的是，科技发展是一个国家经济腾飞的前提。
There can be little doubt that technological advances are the precursor of a country’s economic boom. 45. It goes without saying that... 练习：无可置疑的是，人的身体强度随着年龄增长而下降。
It goes without saying that one’s physical strength declines with age. 46. It can be explained/justified by the fact that... 练习：保护老建筑主要是从这么一个事实获得支持：这些建筑有文化和历史的价值。
The preservation of older buildings can be justified by the fact that these buildings are of
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cultural and historical value. 47. It lies in the fact that... 练习：父母强调教育。这是基于一个事实：教育看来可以提高小孩的工作前景。
Parents emphasise education. It lies in the fact that education appears to improve children’s job prospects. 48. There is a growing recognition that... 练习：越来越让人注意的是，出国度假的人越来越多。
There is a growing recognition that more people than ever before vacation overseas. 49. There are growing concerns that... 练习：人们越来越关注到：媒体广泛报道犯罪会影响观众的行为。
There are growing concerns that the extensive media coverage of crime can affect viewers’ behaviour. 50. I am of the view that... 练习：我的看法是没有社会是可以很好地工作，加入没有规则去监督市民的行为。
I am of the view that no society functions properly without rules governing citizens’ behaviour.
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