商务信函写作格式句型(bec)
商务信函
总结常用句型: Referring to previous contact: Thank you for your letter of/dated …. With reference to Further to In reply to
Stating the reason for writing: I am writing to enquire about …
to confirm that …
to apologise for/about…
in reply to your …
with reference to …
Ending a letter If you have any further questions, please contact me on … I look forward to hearing from you soon.
in due course.
in the near future. 注意考试当中的格式问题
题目分类：
1 订单类 handling order 2 询问类 enquiry and reply 3 投诉类 complaint and apology 4 告知变化类 notice of changes 5 邀请类 invitations
(一)常用短语
称为 Dear ……/ 敬语 Yours……
Dear Sir or Madam----------Yours faithfully Dear Mr./Mrs./Miss/Ms Smith---------Yours sincerely Dear John-----------Best wishes (私人关系比较亲密)
信的开头：
We are writing to enquire about …写信是询问关于…… We are writing in connection with … 写信是关于 ……
We are interested in … and we would like to know … 我们对……感兴趣……我们想知道
asking if …感谢(某日)询问是否……的来信 Thank you for your letter of (date),
enquiring about …感谢(某日)询问有关……的来信 We have received your letter of (date), enclosing …感谢(某日)的来信以及随信寄来的……
concerning …我们已收到(某日)关于……的来信
如果写信的开头或者是信中要提到某件事情： with reference to… 关于…… further to … 继……之后 with regard to … 关于……
I am writing in connection with … 我写信是为了……
A point in your letter gives us great concern that …我们很关心您信中提到的…… Regarding … 关于……
告知好消息
I am pleased to tell you that … 我很高兴的告诉你/通知你…… I am delighted to inform you …… I am happy to advise you …
We are pleased to inform you that We have pleasure in informing you that We have the pleasure to apprise you of We have the honour to inform you that (of)
坏消息
I regret to tell you that … 很遗憾/很抱歉告诉你/通知你…… I am sorry to inform you … I am sorry to advise you that … We regret that … 我们很遗憾……
说明能做与不能做的事情 We are unable to … 我们不能…… We are able to … 我们能……
We have been forced to … 我们不得不…… 说明原因
This was owing to … 这是因为……(多半为坏消息) Due to … 这是由于 ……
As a result of … 这是……的结果
Because of … 这是因为……
请求采取行动，如果紧急的话，可以加上后面的词组 Please could you … as soon as possible 请你尽快……
We would be grateful if you could …without delay 如果你能尽快……，我们将不胜感激 We would appreciate it if you could … immediately… 如你能尽快…… 我们将不胜感激
道歉
We must apologize for … 我们必须为……表示我们的歉意 We apologize for … 我们必须为……道歉
We are extremely sorry for … 我们为……感到抱歉
询问信息
We would like to know about/if … 我们想了解有关……
Please could you give us further detail about … 请给我们更多有关……的信息
We would be grateful if you could let us know about/if … 如果能告诉我们有关……，我们将不胜感激
We would appreciate it if you could inform us about/if … 如果能告诉我们有关……，我们将不胜感激
轻度抱怨
Unfortunately, 然后直接说不幸的事情发生了，比如，
Unfortunately, we have not yet received your payment, we would be grateful if you could make the payment soon.
提起注意(用在强烈抱怨中)
I should like to draw your attention to (the fact that) … 我想提请你们注意…… I should like to point out that … 我想指出……
I should like to remind you that … 我想提醒你们……
I hope that it is not necessary to remind you that …我希望没有必要提醒你们……
警告
Unless…
除非……， 否则我们将不得不…… If … (not) …, we will be forced to … 如果……不……， 我们将不得不…….
(二)常用句型 普通结尾：
I look forward to receive your reply/order/products/etc. 期待收到你的答复，定单，产品等 Looking forward to hearing from you. 期待你的来信
提供消息类邮件的结尾
I hope that this information will help you. 期待这些消息会对你有所帮助。
Please contact me if you need any further information. 如果需要更多的信息，请你与我联系 Please do not hesitate to contact me if you are need any further information. 如果需要更多，请随时联系我
Please feel free to contact me if you have any further questions. 有什么问题，请有我联络。 Please let me know if you need any further information. 如果需要更多的信息，请告诉我。 道歉信结尾
Please accept our apologies once again. 请接受我们的歉意
We hope that this has not caused you any in convenience. 我们希望这不会给你造成不便。
私人商业信函，即关系比较非正式
开头：
Thank you for your letter/telephone call/telex/fax. 很感激你的来信/来电/电传/传真。 It was a pleasure to … (meet you at/on…) 很荣幸在…… 时间/地点与你见面。 It was good to …(see you again at/on…)很高兴在……时间/地点再次见到你。
(hear from you again) 很高兴再次收到你的来信。
It was a pity that … ( we did not have more time to talk at/on…) 很遗憾我们上次没有更多的时间讨论……
I am sorry that … ( I missed you when you visited my office) 很遗憾你来我办公室时，我没能见到你。
如果需要，可以在上述四个形式之后加上说过或者没有说过的话，
It was good to talk to you on the telephone today. I was sorry to hear that you had not been so well. 今天能够在电话里和你交谈，真是太好了。听说你病了，我很难过。(
It was pity that I missed you when you visited my office last week. I would have liked to have heard all your news. 很遗憾，上周你来我办公室时， 我没能见到你。 我很乐意听到有关你们的任何消息。
信件主体
要求提供消息：I was wondering if you could help me. 我不知道你是否能帮我。
提供消息：I thought you might be interested to hear that … 我想你可能会对……感兴趣。 抱怨：I am afraid we have a small problem. 恐怕我们有个问题
告知坏消息：I am afraid I have some bad news. 恐怕，有些坏消息。
结尾
I look forward to seeing you again next time I am in …我期待着下次我在…时，与你见面。 If ever you are in London, please give me a ring or call in. 来伦敦时，给我打电话或来我公司坐坐。
Please give my regard to Dianna Smith. 请替我向Dianna问好。
Please pass my best wishes to Mr. Lund. I hope that he has now recovered from the flu. 请向兰德先生问好。我希望他早日康复
商务信函常用语 a.我们愿与贵公司建立商务关系。 We are willing to establish trade relations with your company. b. 我们希望与您建立业务往来。 Please allow us to express our hope of opening an account with you. c. 我公司经营电子产品的进出口业务，希望与贵方建立商务关系。 This corporation is specialized in handing the import and exports business in electronic products and wishes to enter into business relations with you. 2.自我推荐 a. 请容我们自我介绍，我们是……首屈一指的贸易公司。 Let us introduce ourselves as a leading trading firm in… b. 本公司经营这项业务已多
年，并享有很高的国际信誉。 Our company has been in this line of business for many years and enjoys high international prestige. c. 我们的产品质量一流，我们的客户一直把本公司视为最可信赖的公司。
Our products are of very good quality and our firm is always regarded by our customers as the most reliable one. 3.推销产品 a. 我们从……获知贵公司的名称，不知贵公司对这一系列的产品是否有兴趣。 Your name has been given by…and we like to inquire whether you are interested in these lines. b. 我们新研制的……已推出上市，特此奉告。 We are pleased to inform you that we have just marketed our newly-developed…. c. 我们盼望能成为贵公司的……供应商。 We are pleased to get in touch with you for the supply of…. d. 我们的新产品刚刚推出上市，相信您乐于知道。 You will be interested to hear that we have just marketed our new product. e. 相认您对本
公司新出品的……会感兴趣。
You will be interested in our new product……. 4.索取资料 a. 我们对贵方的新产品……甚感兴趣，希望能寄来贵公司的产品目录及价目表。
We are interested in your new product…and shall be pleased to have a catalog and price list. b. 我们从纽约时报上看到贵公司的广告，但愿能收到产品的价目表及详细资料。 We have seen your advertisement in The New York Times and should be glad to have your price lists and details of your terms. c. 获知贵公司有……已上市，希望能赐寄完整的详细资料。 We hear that you have put…on the market and should be glad to have full details. d. 如蒙赐寄贵公司新产品的详细资料，我们将深表感激。 We should appreciate full particulars of your newly developed product. e. 如蒙赐寄有关……的样品和价目表，我们将甚为感激。
We should be obliged if you would send us patterns
(or samples)and price lists of your… 5.寄发资料 a. 很高兴寄你一邮包，内装…… We are pleased to send you by parcel post a package containing… b. 欣寄我方目录，提供我方各类产品的详细情况。
We have pleasures in sending you our catalogue, which gives full information about our various products. c. 欣然奉上我方产品样品，在贵方展厅展出。
We should be pleased to let you have samples to give a demonstration at your premises. d. 为使贵方对我方各种款式的手工艺品有一初步了解，今航邮奉上我方目录和一些样品资料，供您们参考。
In order to give you some idea of various qualities of handicrafts we carry, we have pleasure in forwarding you by airmail one catalogue and a few sample books for your perusal. 6.附寄资料 a. 随函附上本公司新出品的……样品，请查收。 You will find enclosed with this letter a sample of new…. b. 随函附上购货合同第××号两
份，希查收，谅无误。请会签并退我方一份备案。
Enclosed please find two copies of Purchase Contract No.…，which we trust will be found in order. Kindly sign and return one copy for our file. c. 我们很高兴地附上询价单第××号，请贵方报离岸价格。 We have pleasure in enclosing our file. d. 我们确认向贵方购买……,随函附上订单确认书供参照。
We confirm having purchased from you ….A confirmation order is enclosed for your reference. 7.请求做代理商 a. 我们深盼与英国公司接洽，希望成为其销售代理商之一。 We are anxious to contact some British firms with a view to acting as their selling angents. b. 如蒙考虑担任销售你们……代理商，我们将十分高兴。
We should be glad if you would consider our application to act as agents for the sale of your… 8.请求报价 a. 兹函请提供……的报价。 We are writing to invite quotations for the supply of…. b. 请将定
期供应……之报价赐知。 Please let us have a quotation for the regular supply for…. c. 请将下列货品的最低价格赐知。 Kindly quote us your lowest prices for the goods listed below. 9.询价 a. 随函寄上询价单一份。 We are enclosing here with an inquiry sheet. b. 如果贵方对……感兴趣，请告具体询价。 If you are interested in our…,please let us know with a specific inquiry. c. 一收到贵方具体询价单，我方马上航空邮上样品册并报价。 Quotations and sample books will be airmailed to you upon receipt of your specific inquiry. 10.价格 a. 我们发现你方报价比我们从其他地方收到的略为偏高，请你方降价，以适应竞争。 We find your quotation slightly higher than those we have received from other sources, and ask you to reduce your price to meet the competition. b. 我们很抱歉地通知你方价格无竞争力，若贵方能降低价格，使我方可接受的话，我们仍对交易感兴
趣。 We’re sorry to inform you that your price has been found uncompetitive, but we’re still interested in doing business if you can bring down your price to a level acceptable.
As the season is rapidly approaching,```由于季节很快来临，·······
We shall be very much obliged ```原义是“我们将非常感激”。在商业信函中，意思相同的套语有好几个，目前多倾向于用We shall appreciate it very much```.
There is a brisk demand for these goods.对这些的需求很旺盛
询盘与请求有用句型
1. Could you please``` This company specializes in student exchanges between Europe and China.Could you please send us a copy of your summer calendar of forthcoming cultural and educational events? 本公司专门举办中欧学生的交流活动，敬请寄送暑假文化教育活动日程表一份。
You have previously supplied us with cotton piece goods.Could you please now quote for the supply of the items listed on the enclosed form? 贵公司曾向我们提供过棉匹布，现在请提供所附表格上列举的货物的报价。
2. Will you please```
Will you please quote inclusive of transportation and insurance, and inform us the delivery time. 烦请贵公司提供包括运输和保险在内的报价，并告知装运时间。
Will you please send us your completed/general/latest/current catalogue and price-list? 请寄送贵公司总的、普通的、最新的、最近的目录和价格表。
3. We will be interested in```
We will be interested in discussing terms with you.When the final decision has been made, would you please tell us what discounts you offer on bulk purchased?请告知贵公司对批量购买提供的折扣率，待我方做出最终决定后与贵方洽谈具体事宜。
We will be interested in importing American furniture and would be pleased to know the specifications or details of your display cabinets together with prices and the terms of payment.我公司愿意进口美国家具，请寄送有关鬼子的价格和付款条件的详情。
4. ```we are interested in```
We have been importers of shirts for many years.At present, we are interested in extending our range and appreciate your catalogues and quotations. 多年来，本公司经营衬衫进口生意，现欲扩展业务范围，盼能惠赐商品目录和报价单。
Please send us your keenest quotation for snooker tables.We are interested in purchasing them but we need to have further details of the costs before making a final decision. 请寄给我们贵公司台球桌的最优报价，我们有兴趣购买，但需要进一步
了解有关价格的详细情况才能作出最后决定。
5. ```interest us```
Your ad in today’s China Daily interests us, and we will be glad to receive samples with your lowest prices FOB Huston. 我们对你方刊登在今天的《中国日报》上的广告很感兴趣。如能寄来样品并附上最低的休斯顿离岸价格，我们将不胜欣慰。
Your corduroy cap in assorted colors interests us very much, and we confirm the order we placed with you by telephone this morning. 我方很喜欢你方的杂色灯芯绒帽子，现确认今天早晨与您电话联系的订单。
6. We intend to/ want to/would like to ```
We intend to purchase two Sony TV sets before the end of the fiscal year, and we should appreciate your offering us the best price. 我们有意在本财政年度购买2太索尼电视机，敬请贵方报出最优价格。We would like to inform you that we will be accepting orders for the new 100A and 101A models beginning March and expect to e-mail you new prices within this week. 我方从三月起接受新型100A和101A的订单，并将于本周内将新价格电邮给你方，特此告知。
7. We will appreciate it very much if```
We will appreciate it very much if you’ll send us the recent ‘US Retail Trade Report’ with regard to the major trends and changes in the US retail industry. 敬请贵方寄一份有关美国零售业总趋势和主要变化的《美国零售业报告》
It will be very much appreciated if you will quote your lowest prices with quantity rebate in Deutschmarks. 如能报出贵方的最低价及以马克计算的批量购买折扣，将非常感谢。
8. Please inform of```
Please inform of your best prices, C.I.F. Qingdao and send us a catalogue of your product range.请您将最低青岛到岸价格报给本公司，同时将贵方所经营产品的目录提供给我方。
Please inform of your best delivery dates and the terms of payment.We would like to pay on the usual trade terms, i.e. cash 30 days after monthly statement received. 请告知我们贵公司最方便的交货期和支付方式。我们愿意用通通常的贸易条件付款，即收到银行结算单后30天付款。
9. We are in the market for```
We are in the market for household linen and shall be glad to receive your best possible quotation, indicating origin, detailed specifications, packing, and quantity available.我们正欲家用亚麻制品，如蒙贵方寄来最优惠价格，注明原产地、详
细规格、包装和可供数量等，将不胜感谢。
If you are in the market for the above mentioned products, please let us know.We shall be pleased to send you our latest catalog, together with a list of our quotations, on CIF Dalian basis. 如你放需购上述产品，请告知。我方将寄送最近的目录连同大连到岸报价
10. We are prepared to ``` We are prepare to purchase substantial quantity of polyester cotton blended fabrics of the following specifications, and shall appreciate your quoting us your rock bottom prices and acceptable terms of payments. 蹦公司需购大量聚酯棉混纺纤维，详细规格如下。请蒙贵公司报以最低价格和可接受的付款条件，不胜感激。We are prepared to allow you a 4 % quantity discount if your order exceeds 1,000 dozen. 如你放订货超过1000打，我方将给予4 %的折扣。
2.回复函
①表达对对方来信询问的感谢
⑴ Thanks for your inquiry of ```, requesting terms for bulk buying. 谢谢贵方······来函询问大量购买的条件。
⑵We are pleased to learn from your letter of``` that you are interested in our```我们很高兴从你来信中得知你对我们的······很感兴趣
⑶With reference to your inquiry of``` we shall be glad to supply``` at the price of ``` 关于贵方······的询问，我方将乐于以······的价格供应·······
⑷We have received your letter of ``` and noted with pleasure that you are interested in developing business with us in``` 贵方······的函悉，很高兴贵公司愿与我方在······方面发展业务关系。
⑸Your inquiry dated``` has obtained our best and immediate attention.贵方······的询问，得到了我方迅速密切的关注。
②提供信息
⑴ Here are``` on ```现寄上我方有关······的·······
⑵ We take pleasure in enclosing a detailed quotation for```我方很高兴附上·······的报价单
⑶ Enclosed please find our catalogue and price list.随函附上我方目录及价目表。 ⑷Enclosed is our latest catalogue together with a revised price list showing our best possible terms. 随函附上我方最新的目录及修订的价目表，从中贵方会看到我方可以提供的最佳条件。
⑸ To acquaint you with``` we handle, we are sending you a commodity list and several sample books for your reference. 为使你方熟悉我方经营的·······寄上商品目录和一些样品册，供您参考。
③结尾
⑴ Please do not hesitate to write to us if you need further information. 如果您需要进一步的信息，请写信给我们。
⑵Await your favor. 期待您的光顾。
⑶Many thanks for your inquiry, we look forward to receiving your order in the near future. 非常感谢贵方的询价函，我方期待不就收到您的订单。
⑷ We assure you that your order, which we look forward to receiving, will have our immediate attention. 我方期待收到贵公司的订单，并保证将在第一时间处理贵公司的订单。
⑸We hope you will be well pleased with the goods and that we can establish a pleasant and lasting business connection with you.我们希望您会对这些货物满意，并盼望能与你们建立起愉快而持久的业务关系。
3.投诉与索赔
①.描述问题
⑴ On examination, we found all the goods were wetted.经检验，我们发现左右的货物都已受潮
⑵We checked some of the items and found they were in damaged condition.我们检查了部分产品，发现它们已严重受损。
⑶ It contained articles different from what we have ordered.这批货物与我们订购的物品不符。
⑷The goods we ordered from you on June 6 haven’t arrived yet.我们6月6日订购的货物至今仍未到达。
⑸The quality of this lot of goods is so far below the standard that we cannot use them for our purpose. 这批货物的质量远远低于标准，我们无法使用。
⑹We are disappointed to find that the items delivered don’t match the samples. 我们遗憾地发现所运货物与样品不符。
⑺Your incorrect delivery has caused a great deal of trouble to us.你们的错误给我们带来了巨大的麻烦
⑻Delivery of the goods ordered on March 3 is now considerably overdue.3月3日订购的货物的交付时间现已逾期甚久
⑼The goods are not up to the standard.货物没有到达标准。
⑽We regret that only 20 sets have been received to date whereas our order indicates
25.我方非常抱歉地通知您，迄今为止我们只收到了20台货物，而我们订购的是25台
②指出具体的行动来解决问题
⑴Would you please send someone to repair it today?您能今天就派人来修理吗? ⑵Please send us the replacement no later than June 20.请于6月20日之前将替换品送来
⑶We would like someone to come and fix it now.我们希望现在有人来进行修理 ⑷Please look into this matter at once and let us know the reasons for the delay.请立即对此事进行调查，尽早通知我们延迟的原因。
⑸We hope that the goods will be sent immediately.希望货物即刻发运
③要求行动
⑴We shall be glad to learn from you that you are preparing to make some allowance for the damage.希望贵方能对我方造成的损失作出补偿
⑵We would be much pleased that the case be settled on an amicable basis.诚望此事有好解决
⑶In view of our friendly business relations, we are sure that the matter will be settled appropriately. 鉴于我们之间友好的业务关系，我方相信此事定会得到妥善解决。 ⑷We are looking forward to a satisfactory conclusion of the matter.我方期待此事有一个令人满意的结局。
⑸Your quick dispatch will be most appreciated.请尽快发运，我方不胜感激 ④强烈要求行动
⑴If you cannot deliver the goods within ten days, we’ll reluctantly turn this matter to our attorney. 如果在10日内不能送达货物，我们不得不付诸法律。
⑵Unless your assignment reaches us no later than```, we will cancel our order.除非你们的货物在······前到达，我们将取消订单。
⑶If you cannot provide qualified goods within 3 days, we ’ll ask for a refundment.如果在3日内不能提供合格产品，我们将要求退还货款。
⑷You’ll have to make compensation for all our costs.你们要赔偿我们的全部损失 ⑸I hereby inform you that I am lodging a formal complaint with your company.特此通知贵方，我公司将正式投诉贵公司。
4.理赔与拒绝函
①开头
接受索赔：
⑴···should reach you in three days```
⑵The attached check for``` is Newton’s way of assuring you that your satisfaction is very important to us.
⑶By```(time), your three Dove Bicycles should reach you at ```shop.
拒绝索赔：
⑴We understand your concern about the ```As always, we are willing to do as much as we reasonably can to make things right.
⑵You were right in assuming that ```We are always interested in doing whatever we can to make our sales satisfactory.
⑶Your order and request are sincerely appreciated. We are always grateful for the opportunity of serving you in the best way we can.
②间接拒绝索赔
⑴The best we can do is```
⑵```permit us to serve you only as a cash customer
⑶We feel at this time you will be acting in your own interest by```
⑷We must consider the sale final.
⑸In view of this explanation, you will understand why we must sand by our guarantee policy in this case.
③结束
什么样的作文才是优秀作文呢?高分段的作文和低分段的作文到底区别在哪里呢?根据全国大学英语
四、六级考试写作部分的阅卷精神，要判为高分(14分)的作文，除满足切题、表达思想清楚、文字通顺、基本上无语言错误等要求外，还必须有“闪光点”。所谓的“闪光点”是指文中的某些句子漂亮、地道，能体现考生较高的驾驭语言的能力。由于现阶段我国以培养学生能力为主的语言教学尚处于起步阶段，外语学习环境还有待改善，因此，要在短期提高学生的写作能力必须有一定的技巧。本章所编写的英语写作常用句型是给学生输入大量惯用的经典、地道的英语句子，供学生模仿和学用。众所周知，语言学习的过程本身就是一个模仿的过程这里所罗列的几百个句型包括了大学英语和研究生英语入学考试题型和文体。考生在熟悉这些句型后，考试时就能信手拈来，为己所用，写出有“闪光点”、句式有变化的高分作文。
7.1文章开头常用句型
万事开头难，写作也莫不如此。正如英语谚语所说，好的开端等于成功的一半(A good beginning is half-done)。加之在阅卷时，文章的开头就是你给阅卷老师的第一印象，因此，掌握好文章开头的技巧显得十分重要。
7.1.1说明现象的常用句型
任何事物的发生与发展都属于某种社会现象或倾向。文章开头时直截了当的提出这种现象，然后进行说明或评论。这种开头方法开门见山，使读者一目了然 。
(1) Recently the phenomenon ( problem , issue ) of „ has aroused considerable concern . (近来，„„现象/问题已引起了)
(2) Recently the phenomenon ( question ,problem ) of „ has been brought to public attention. (3) One of the pressing (biggest) problems facing our society today is……
(4) One of the hottest topics (most serious problem, most popular things) many people talk about now is… (5) Here and there across the country, a(n) increasing number of……
(6) With the development of science and tachnology, more and more……
(7) Nowadays (Currently/, Recently), there is a growing tendency that……
(8) In the past few years, there has been a dramatic growth (decline) in……
(9) Whenever you see (find) „ ,you cannot help being astonished ( surprised) by „ (每当你看到/发现„„，你会不禁为„„感到惊讶不已。)
7.1.2阐述对立观点的常用句型
在写作中，当作者要对某个问题提出自己的观点看法时，一般常在文章开头引出人们对所给出问题的不同看法。这种开头方法常用于对某个问题进行争论的议论文体。
(1)When asked about… , the vast majority of people think (believe, say) that …;But other people think (believe, regard, say) that …(当问及„„的时候，绝大多数人认为/说„„。但也有人认为/说„„)
(2)When it comes to …, some people think (believe) that…; Others argue (claim) that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth in both statement, but…(当谈到„„时，有些人认为/相信„„;另一些人却持相反的观点。这两种观点也许都有点道理，但是„„)
(3)There is a much controversy (discussion) nowadays about the problem (issue) of … Those who criticize (oppose, object to) argue that… They believe that…But people who favor (advocate)…, on the other hand, claim (assert) that…(现在围绕„„问题正展开热烈的争论/讨论。那些批评/反对的人认为„„;另一方面，那些赞同/提倡这个„„的人却认为„„)
(4)These days we often hear about…They claim (argue, say) that…But is it true? Close analysis (examination) doesn’t bear out the claim (argument) .(最近，我们经常听到关于„„他们声称„„。果真如此吗?仔细分析一下，就证明这种观点站
英语写作常用句型 不住脚。
(5)Now a lot of people believe that…But although…, there is no (little) evidence that…(现在许多人都认为„„尽管„„，却没有证据表明„„)
7.1.3用引用法开头的常用句型
在写作中，所谓的引用就是用人们熟悉的名人名言，常用的谚语、习语、警句等作为文章的开头。这样的开头既生动、富有哲理，又一下子点明了文章的主题，能起到引人入胜的效果。
(1)One of the great men (writers, philosophers, scientists) once said (remarked) that… If this is the case , then the present situation (view , attitude) should make us wonder whether…(有一位伟人/作家/哲学家/科学家曾经说过„„如果是这样的话，目前的趋势/观点应使我们沉思，是否„„)
(2) “Knowledge is power ”. Such is the remark made by Bacon. More and more people have shared this view now.(“知识就是力量”，这是培根的名言。这个观点已为越来越多的人所接受。)
(3) Awareness of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom”.Such is the opinion of one of the greastest men. This remark has confirmed time and time again by many historical events.(“意识到无知便是智慧的开端”，这是一位伟人的名言。这句话一次又一次地被许多历史事实所证实。)
(4) “…”. We are used to hearing such words like those.(“„„”，我们常常听到这样的说法。) (5) “…”. How often we hear such complaint as this!(“„„”我们多么常常听到像这样的抱怨。)
(6) “…”.That’s how one college student (citizen ,official) describe the… Many people have shared the experience like this.(这是一位大学生/市民/官员说起„„的时候的话。许多都与他/她有着同样的经历。)
7.1.4用提问法开头的常用句型
提问法主要用于展开讨论或对有争议性的问题发问。文章的开头用一个即将讨论或解答的问题设问，可以引起思考，唤起联想，立即把读者引入作者的讨论之中，激起读者的浓厚兴趣。
(1) Should (What) …? Attitudes towards (opinions of) …vary from person to person.Some think of(regard,view) …as…Others argue (believe, claim) that…(„„应不应该„„/„„是„„?不同的人对此有不同的态度/看法。有些人认为„„是„„;其他人却争论/认为„„)
(2) How do you think of…? In reply to this question, we must …(你怎样看待„„?在回答这个问题时，我们必须„„) (3) What do you think of …? In answer to this question, we should…(你认为„„是„„?要回答这个问题，我们应当„„)
(4) “Why do (have) …?”Many people often ask the question like this.(为什么„„?许多人经常问这样的问题。) (5)What is…? By my understanding, …is…(什么是„„?据我理解，„„是„„)
7.1.5用于比较法开头的常用句型
(1) For years, …has been viewed (regarded) as…But people are taking a fresh look at it now. (多年来，„„被认为是„„。但是，现在人们正以新的眼光看待它。) (2) Until recently, …was seen (viewed) as …However , that is changing now. (直到最近，„„被认为是„„。可是，现在这种情况正在发生变化。) (3) People used to think that …in the past …But things are quite different now. (在过去，人们常常认为„„。但现在情况却与以往很不同了。) (4) It was once thought that … in the old days, … But few people now share this view. (在过去，人们曾经认为„„。到现在几乎没有人再持有这种观点。)
(5) Several years ago, people…Now people … Why has such a change taken place? (几年前，人们„„。现在，人们„„。为什么会发生这样的变化呢?)
(6) After a good many years of efforts to …, people begin to …(经过多年的努力，人们开始„„) (6) It is a traditional many practice (way) to … But now the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. („„是一个传统习惯。但现在钟摆转到反的方向去了。)
(7) In recent years, there is a general tendeney to … According to a study (survey, poll), there is X percent of…., compared with Y percent last year. Why…(最近几年，有一个„„的趋势。根据一项研究/民意调查，和去年的Y%相比，今年有X%的„„。为什么会„„呢?)
7.1.6 用于故事法开头的常用句型
在写作中，一开始就讲述一个作者自己或他人生活中的故事，用生动而熟悉的趣事紧紧地吸引住读者，然后再引 入主题。以故事法弄开首的文章常使用人们习惯的句型，或讲时间、 或谈地点 、或讲某人„„，与读者思路相通，感情相近。这些故事要和将要讨论的主题相关，它们可从日常生活中轻车熟路地信手。
(1)Some month ago (last Sunday), a friend of mine…The story is not rare. It is one of thousand of…(几个月前/上个星期天，我的一个朋友„„。这个故事并不偶然，它是千百万个„„之一。)
(2)The other day, I … The case is not unusual. It is typical of…(有一天，我„„。这个故事非偶然，它是„„的典型事例之一。)
(3)Once in a street (hospital, newspaper), I saw (learnt) …The problem (phenomenon) of …has aroused nationwide (public) attention (concern).(一次在街上/医院里/报纸上，我看到/了解到„„。这个„„问题/现象已引起全国范围内/公众的广泛关注。)
(4)Once upon a time there was a man who…The story may be unbelievable, but it still has a realistic significance today.(从前，有一个„„的人。这个故事也许令人难以置信，但直到今天，它仍然有现实意义。)
(5)I have a friend who…Such a problem we often meet in our daily life .(我有一个朋友，他/她„„。在我们的日常生活中常常会遇到这样的问题。)
7.1.7用于以观点法开头的常用句型
文章开宗明义第一句就直接点出主题或阐明自己对某个问题的看法。这样的开头直截了当，开门见山，第一句就是全文的中心或主题。
(1)Nothing is more important (foolish, undesirable, essential) than …which is commonly held by…(没有比„„更重要/愚蠢/令人讨厌的了。现在„„普遍持有这种„„。)
(2)Nowhere in the world has the idea of …been more popular than …(世界上没有哪个地方比在„„更流行„„的观点了。)
(3)Maybe it is time to have a fresh look at the idea /attitude that…(也许现在给我们以新的眼光看待„„的观点了。) (4)Now people in increasing numbers are beginning to recognize (realize, be aware, accept) that…(现在越来越多的人开始意识到/接受„„。)
(5)Now people become increasingly aware of the need (importance) of… (现在人们日益意识到„„的需要/重要。)
7.1.8以定义法开头的常用句型
以定义法开头的文章，常对一种事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵和外延作确切而简要的说明。这样，读者会逻辑地围绕定义思考下文。
(1) What is …? …refers to …(什么是„„?„„指的是„„。)
(2) The term “…” here means that …(这里，术语“„„”意思是„„。)
(3) When we talk about …, most of us think that …is …(当我们谈论„„的时候，我们大多数人认为„„是„„。)
7.2文章正文部分的常用句型
正文部分是文章的灵魂和精髓所在，该部分写作质量的好坏与文章的得分密切相关。正文部分其实就是对文章的主题进行深化、说明、论证，用令人信服的事例、推理等各种方法来支持、阐述主题。下面列举出写作该部分常用的方法及句型。
7.2.1用因果法论述的常用句型
任何事物的发生与发展都不是偶然的，在它的背后一定有某种原因。同样，某种原因必然能导致一定的结果。原因和结果间并不完全一一对应，常常会出现一果多因或一因多果的情况。因果法在分析和解释某一事物，某一现象时十分常用。
(1) There are probably many (several, a number of) reasons for this dramatic change in …First…Second…Finally...(也许„„显著变化的原因有许多/好几个。第一„„第二„„第三„„)
(2) Why did (have are) …? For one thing …For another …Perhaps the most important reason is…(为什么会„„?首先，„„其次，„„也许最重要的原因是„„)
(3) It is not easy to offer the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors .For some… For others… (要说出该现象的理由不容易，因为这种现象涉及了好几个复杂的因素。一些„„;另一些„„)
(4) You don’t have to look very far to find out the reason why …(找到„„的原因不很费力。)
(5) Why …? The answer to this question involves many complex factors (reasons). In the first place,…In the second place,…Firstly,…(为什么„„?回答这个问题要涉及到许多复杂的因素/原因。首先，„„;其次，„„;最后，„„)
(6) A number of factors could account for (contribute to, lead to, result in) the…(许多因素将说明/导致„„)
(7) The cause for…perhaps, are complicated. They include…Perhaps the main cause is…(„„的原因也许很复杂。它们包括„„。也许主要原因是„„)
(8) Thanks to (Owing to, Due to, Because of, As a result of) …(多亏/由于/因为„„) (9) …not only because …but alse because…(„„不仅是因为„„，同时也由于„„) (10) One tends to regard the …as a result of…(人们往往把„„认为是„„的结果。) (11) …is partly (solely) responsible for the …(„„要对„„负部分/全部责任。)
(12) There are a number of grave consequences of …Perhaps the most consequence is…(这里有很多„„的严重后果。或许最严重的后果是„„)
(13) It will exert a profound influence on…(它将对„„产生深远的影响。)
(14) The effect of …has not been confined to …It alse …(„„的影响不久局限于„„。它也„„) (15) It brings some serious consequences of…(它带来了一些„„的严重后果。)
7.2.2用于比较、对照论述时常用的句型
在写作中，特别是在写议论文时，常常要对两种观点或两个事物进行比较与对照，分析它们各自的优劣，然后得出令人信服的结论，做出正确的选择。
(1) The advantages of A are much greater than the disadvantages A entails.(A的优点比它的缺点大得多。)
(2) The advantages derived from A far outweigh the disadvantages from B.(和B相比我们从A中换取的益处更大。) (3) Although A has a advantage of …, it can’t be compared with B in…(尽管A在„„方面有更大的优势，但在„„方面却不能和B相比。)
(4) When then advantage and disadvantage are compared , the most striking conclusion is quite obvious. (当对其优、缺点进行对比时，最清楚的结论就显而易见了。)
(5) A means nothing when B is taken into consideration.(当考虑到B的时候，A就没有什么意义了。)
(6) Indeed, A plays a more /less important role when compared with B.(的确，和B相比，A起着更重要/不很重要的作用。)
(7) A may be superior to B, but it has its own problems.For one thing …For another …(A也许优于B，但它自身也存在问题。首先，„„;其次，„„)
(8) In spite of disadvantages B has, it has its beneficial affects.(尽管B有这些劣势，但它还有其有利的方面。)
(9) There is no doubt that it has both negative affects and positive affects.(毫无疑问，它既有副作用也有积极的作用。) (10) However, it is not without weaknesses (limits) .The principal one is …Besides, …(不过，它并不是没有缺点/局限。主要的缺点/局限是„„。此外，„„)
(11) A and B have several things in common .Both …(A和B在许多地方有共同之处。它们两者都„„) (12) There are some marked differences between A and B. Unlike B, A…(A和B之间有显著的区别。和B不同，A„„) (13) A and B are different in several ways .(A和B在好几个方面都有不同之处。) (14) A…, on the contrary (on the other hand, whereas) B…(A„„，相反/而B„„)
(15) Both A and B …But they are quite different as to …Unlike B, A…(A和B都„„。但就„„方面来说。它们有很大的差异。和B不同，A„„)
7.2.3用于批评驳斥某种观点时的常用句型
不破则不立。写作者要阐述自己的观点，常需要对不同的或不赞成的观点进行批驳。写作时，一般先引出要驳斥的观点，然后直接进行批驳。
(1)Although everyone believes that …I doubt whether the argument bears much analysis.(尽管人人都认为„„，我怀疑这个论点是否经得住分析。)
(2)Although the popular belief is that …, a recent study (survey, investigation) reveals that… (尽管普遍认为„„，但最近的一项研究/调查揭示„„。)
(3)While the tendency to … is understandable, one may wonder whether …is fair.(虽然„„的趋势是可以理解的，但人们可能会想这„„是否公平。)
(4)Although it is widely accepted that …,it is unlikely to be true that…(尽管大家都认为„„，但„„却不大可能是真的。)
(5)Many people claim (argue) that But this claim (argument) may be questioned.(许多人声称/争论说„„。但这种观点值得怀疑。)
(6)The majority of people have been taken in by the idea that …There is no such thing as the good …for …(大多数人都被„„观点所欺骗。对„„来说，事情却没有那么好。)
(7)They may be right in saying that …, but they seen to fail to take notice of the fact that …(他们说„„，那也许是正确的，但他们是乎没有注意到„„)
(8)It is true that …, but it doesn’t follow that …(„„这是对的，但这并不等于说„„)
(9)Admittedly, …, but it doesn’t necessary mean that…(必须承认，„„但这并不意味„„)
(10)Some people suggest that…But what these people fail to see is that…(有人建议„„。但那些被人们忽视的是„„) (11)There is an element of truth in these arguments, but they ignore a deeper and more essential fact…(在这些论点里的确有正确的成分，但他们忽视了一个更深层次、更重要的事实„„)
(12)This opinion sounds reasonable at first thought .A close analysis of it , however ,would reveal how groundless it is.(咋一想，这个观点听起来有道理。不过，仔细分析发现它是多么站不住脚啊。) (13)Some people argue that…but more often than not, the opposite is usually true. (14)It takes no sense to argue for …, but object to…(有些人认为„„，但通常正确的却是相反)
(15)It would be foolish to believe that…And it would be more foolish to think that…(相信„„是愚蠢的。认为„„就更加愚蠢。)
(16)The fatal flaw in the view is that it fails to take …into account.(这个观点的致命错误是它没有考虑到„„)
7.2.4用于举例说明时常用的句型
在写作中作者为了说明自己的观点，往往需要引用具体的事例加以说明。这些例子由于是发生在我们生活周围活生生的具体事例或为我们所熟知的事件、他人(一般常是广为人知的人物)轶事，因而显得真实可信，具有很强的说服力。
(1)For example (For instance)…(例如„„)
(2)…is frequently cited as a common example of…(„„是一个经常被引用的例子。) (3)A good case in point is best provided by…(„„提供了一个恰当的例子。) (4)As an example of …we may take… (作为„„的例子，我们可以列举„„) (5)This society is filled with the examples of…(社会中充满了„„的例子。) (6)Take , for example , a man who…(例如，有一个„„人。)
(7)A very similar example can be cited from…(可以引用的相似的例子是„„)
(8)Numerous other instances might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that…(还可以很容易地引用其它无数的事例，但这已足够说明„„)
(9)Let us suppose (imagine) that you…Would you …? 我们来假设你„„。你将„„?) (10)Just think of…(思考一下„„)
(11)Just imagine what would happen if …(想象一下如果„„，将发生什么呢?)
7.2.5用于推理论述的常用句型
推理法常用于分析阐述作者观点，引出作者的判断和见解;通过假设、让步等推理手段来得出结论。 (1)It seems quite unlikely (possible, likely, impossible) that…(„„似乎有可能/不可能。) (2)There is very chance (likelihood, possibility) that…(„„似乎很可能。) (3)Chances are that…(很可能„„)
(4)It is perhaps more accurate to say that…(说„„，也许更正确些。) (5)It is extremely necessary to say that…(说„„，这非常必要的。) (6)It is …that really matters (counts) …(„„是真正重要的。)
(7)What really disturbs (interests, surprises) us is…(使我们真正烦恼/感兴趣/吃惊的是„„) (8)It is shocking to find that…(令人震惊地发现„„) (9)No wonder that…(无怪乎„„)
(10)We have much to be said for (against) the view that…(我们很有理由支持/反对„„)
(11)We can …; we can…But we can never…(我们可以„„;我们可以„„。但我们永远不能„„)
(12)Traditionally, our society has held a negative attitude toward…(从传统上讲，我们社会一直对„„持否定态度。) (13)If that is the case, we may…(如果是那样的话，我们可以„„)
(14)If our efforts were devoted to…, we would…(如果我们致力„„的话，我们将会„„) (15)Anyone with the slightest knowledge of…knows that…(稍有点„„知识的人都知道„„) (16)A careful study of…can help us to…(对„„仔细的研究可以帮助我们„„) (17)It is almost impossible that …(没有„„，„„几乎是不可能的。) (18)The more…the more…(„„越„„，„„就越„„)
7.2.6用于引用数据进行论证的常用句型
写作时，作者常引用一些统计数据把问题呈现在读者面前，然后加以分析。这些数据来源非常广泛，常见的主要借助于报刊、电视等大致媒体，社会机构或政府部门公布的调查数据和结果。用这些具体的数据作为论证材料，使读者觉得生动和真实可信。
(1)According to the recent survey (poll, consults) ,…has increased (decreased,spiraled) …from X percent to Y percent (at a rate of X percent,by X percent, to X percent) …(根据最近的一次调查/名义调查/普查，„„从X%增加/降低/上升到Y%;„„以X%的比例上升。„„增加/降低了/到X%。)
(2)According to the national Health Organization, …increased X times compared with 1990 (from1981 to 1998).(据世界卫生组织统计，和1990年相比/从1981到1998，„„增加了X倍。)
(3)A report by the State Statistical Bureau points out that the number of …is half (twice) as much as the national average. (国家统计局的一份报告指出，„„数量是全国平均数的一半/两倍。)
(4)According to reliable (official) statistics (data) provide by …the percentage (rats, number) has almost doubled, as against (compared with) 1990.(据可靠/官方统计，和1990年相比，这个比例/数字已几乎增长了一倍。)
(5)It makes up X percent of the total.(它占总数的X%。)
7.3文章结尾常用句型
众所周知，任何文章只要有头就要有尾，以使整篇文章结构完整、和谐。从历年阅卷的经验来看，任何虎头蛇尾的文章都不可能获得好的成绩。一般来讲，文章的结尾对整篇文章起三个重要作用：一是总结全文，使其前后照应，从而加强读者对文章要点的印象;二是提出解决所论及问题的方案或建议;三是促使读者对该问题的前景或未来发展趋势进行深层次的思索。
7.3.1用于总结法结尾的常用句型
总结性的句型主要用于通过文章前面内容的讨论，进而总结出文章的中心思想和主要观点。 (1)From what has been discussed above, we may safely come to the conclusion that…(从上面的讨论我们可以有把握地得出结论„„)
(2)Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably reach the conclusion that…(考虑到所有的这些因素，我们有理由得出结论„„)
(3)The analysis we have made leads to an unshakable conclusion that…(从我们所作的分析，可以得出一个不可动摇的结论„„)
(4)In a word, we should…(总之，我们应该„„)
(5)In conclusion, it is more important than…(总之，它比„„更重要。)
7.3.2用于预示后果的常用句型
在作者表明自己的观点、态度以及建议后，有时用揭示后果型句子来说明如果某一问题得不到解决，或不采取某种措施、行动的话，将会产生某些不良甚而严重的后果，进而更加引起读者对文章主题的关注。
(1)We must look (search) for an immediate measure (action), because the present situation of …If it is allowed to continue , it will certainly reasult in the heavy cost of … (我们应该寻求一个立即解决的措施，因为目前„„的趋势。如果听任其发展下去，就会给„„造成重大损失。)
(2)No doubt, if we can’t improve the situation, it is very likely that …will put in danger.(毫无疑问，如果我们不能改变这种状况，很有可能有„„的危险。)
(3)Obviously, if we are blind to the problem ,the chances are that …will be put in danger .(很明显，如果我们对这个问视而不见，很可能有„„的危险。)
(4)Any person who ignores the warning would pay a heavy price!(任何忽视这个警告的人将付出沉重的代价。)
(5)Any society that fails to learn from the lesson would come to no good end.(任何社会如不从中吸取教训，必将产生不良的后果。)
(6)We need to take a fresh look at the matter more seriously, otherwise ,we are doomed to fail.(我们需要以新的眼光更加严肃地看待这一问题，否则，我们注定会失败的。)
7.3.3用于以建议结尾的常用句型
在文章作者揭示出所存在的问题，表明自己的观点、立场后，常常在文章结尾时针对该问题的解决提出建议性的意见。其中包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法。
(1)It is suggested that great efforts should be made to achieve the goal.(有人建议，为实现这个目标，应作出更大的努力) (2)In short , we should …;we must …(总之，我们应该„„;我们必须„„。)
(3)In any case , it must …;it ought to …(在任何情况下，它必须„„;它必须„„) (4)We need to …; we need to …(我们需要„„;我们需要„„)
(5)What we need is …; what we need is …(我们所需要的是„„;我们所需要的是„„)
(6)It is high time that … Here are a few examples of some of the measures that might be taken immediately.(该到了„„的时候了。这里只是现在应该立即采取的措施的几个例子。)
(7)Although it can’t be solved immediately, still there are ways.The most important is …Another way is…(尽管它不可能立即得到解决，但还是有办法的。最重要的是„„。另外一个办法是„„)
(8)Awareness of the problem is the first step toward the solution.(意识到这个问题是解决它的第一步。)
7.3.4用于说明重大意义的常用句型
如果作者在结尾时明确指出所讨论问题的重大意义，读者就会更加重视该问题。让读者认识到该问题的解决将会产生的深远意义及光辉前景，以引起他们的共鸣。
(1)Following these methods may not solve all the problems, but they are worth the efforts.It will benefit …;it will contribute …(也许遵照这些方法不能解决所有的问题，但它们值得去努力。它将利于„„;它将助于„„)
(2)The suggestions mentioned above may not guaranyee the success, but they deserve our efforts.It will help …;it will benefit …(上面所提出的建议也许不能保证成功，但它们值得我们去努力。它将助于„„;它将利于„„)
(3)The importance of …cannot be overstressed. It will…; it can …(„„的重要性再怎样强调也不过分。它将„„;它能„„)
(4)The significance of … cannot be overemphasized.It can…; it will…(„„的重大意义再怎样强调也不过分。它能„„;它将„„)
(5)Anyhow it has a profound influence, for it stands for a sharp break with the traditional notion of…(无论怎样，它有着深远的影响，因为它和传统的„„观念有很大的区别。)
(6)Anyway, whether it does us good or harm, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly …(不过，无论它对我们是有害还是有益，有一点是肯定的，那就是它无疑将„„)
(7)We are entering a new era which requires …(我们正进入一个新的纪元，它要求„„)
7.3.5用于以号召结尾的常用句型
作者提出建议和指出重要性后，许多问题作者作为个人肯定无法解决，所以，他必须呼吁读者行动起来，或督促相关部门采取行动或对所讨论的问题引起高度重视。
(1)It might be time to take the advice of…and to put special emphasis on the improvement of…(应该到听取„„建议并特别重视„„的改善的时候了。)
(2)It is time that we put an immediate end to the unhealthy phenomenon of…(该我们马上结束„„这种不良的现象了。) (3)It is essentinl that effective measures shoud be taken to prevent the tendence.(采取各种措施防止这种趋势非常重要。) (4)There is no doubt that further attention must be paid to the problem of…(毫无疑问，一定要进一步地重视„„问题。) (5)Obviously, …. If we want to …, it is vital that …(显然，„„。如果我们要想„„，„„就很重要)
7.3.6用于以引用语结尾的常用句型
如果说引用语作为文章开头能起到点明主题、引人入胜的效果的话，以引言作为文章结尾却能达到画龙点睛，一语概括全文的效果。这样的结尾呼照前文、生动、富有哲理，使读者回味无穷。
(1)Edison is right in saying that …(爱迪生说„„，这是正确的。) (2) “No pains, no gains.” Yes, if you …, you … should …(“不劳就无获”。是啊，如果你要„„，你就应该„„) (3)Yes, as …once said,”…”(是啊，正如„„曾经说过：“„„”)
7.3.7用于联系自己谈感想的常用句型
对某个问题有了解的办法和方向以后，除了建议人怎么做以外，写作者应联系自己的实际表明为该问题的解决尽某方面的努力。这种从我做起的态度具诚、真挚的效果，更令读者信服。
(1)As a young college student, I should be aware of…(作为一个大学生，我应该意识到„„)
(2)As builders of the 21st century, we should be responsible for…(作为21世纪的建设者，我们应对„„负责任。) (3)As a youth of new China, I will…otherwise, I will not live up to…’s expectation.(作为新中国青年，我将„„。否则我将辜负„„的希望。)
7.4图表作文写作常用句型
图表作文是大学英语
四、六级考试和研究生英语考试中常见题型，掌握其常用句型十分重要。由于它只是属于论说文中的一种，因此许多相关句型我们在前面第部分(文章正文部分写作的常用句型)中已经给出，现在让我们再一次重复部分句型，使大家能熟练地掌握。
(1)As can be seen from the table (graph, chart, diagram)…(从图表中可以看出„„) (2)According to the table (graph, chart, diagram)…(根据图表„„)
(3)As is shown in the table (figure, chart, diagram)…(正如图表中所表明„„)
(4)It can be seen from the table (figure,chart,diagram,figure,statistics) that(从图表中可以看出„„) (5)There was a very dramatic(slight,sharp,rapid,marked,steady) rise (increase,fall,decrease,deline,drop)…(……有一个显著/轻微/稳定的上升/增加/下降。)
(6)A…, while (on the other hand ,whereas) B…(A„„，而/另一方面B却„„) (7)A makes up X percent of the total.(A占总数的X%。) (8)A is about twice as much as B.(A是B的两倍。)
(9)One may see that there is a general tendency of …(我们可以看到„„是一个普通的趋势。) (10)A is considerably (rather, somewhat, a bit, a great deal) smaller (bigger, cheaper, higher) than B.(A比B要小/大/便宜/高得/多一些。)
(11)A is exactly (almost, nearly, more or less, just) the same as B.(A和B完全/几乎一样。)
(12)In 1990, it increased form X percent to Y percent of the total.(1990年，它由占总数的X%上升到Y%。) (13)By comparison with 1990, it decreased from X percent to Y percent.(和1990年相比，它由X%上升到Y%。) (14)The figure (percentage, number) has nearly (more than) doubled, compared with that of last year.(和去年相比，这个数字/比例已经翻番。)
(15)It has increased (decreased dropped) almst two and half times (twice, six times), compared…(和„„相比，它已增加/下降了几乎两倍半/两倍/六倍。)
(16)The number (percentage ) is half (four times ) as much as that of 1990.(这个数量是1990年的一半/四倍。)
(17)By 1990, less (more than) X percent of college students (workers, housewives) perferred to…(到了1990，不到/超过X%的大学生/工人/家庭主妇宁愿„„)
(18)The number (rare) was X percent, less than a half of the 1990 total .(这个数量/比例为X%，不足1990年总数的一半。) (19)There are a several (number, three) reasons (causes) for this significant increase (change, decline). First… second,...;finally…;(这种显著的增加/变化/下降有几个/三个原因。第一，„„;第二，„„;最后，„„)
(20)The change (increase decline) in … mainly results from (is due to, is owing to) the fact that.(„„的变化/增加/下降主要是因为„„)
(21)A number of factors could account for (lead to, result in, contribute to) the change (increase, decrease) in…(导致„„变化/增加/下降有许多原因。)
7.5英语书信写作常用语
7.5.1常用开头语
(1)I am delighted to hear form you .(非常高兴收到你的来信。) (2)How nice it was to hear form you .(收到你的来信多好啊。)
(3)I’m very pleased to have received your letter which…(非常高兴收到你的来信，在信中„„) (4)With great delight I learned that…(我了解到„„非常高兴。) (5)I’m very glad to hear that…(我十分高兴地听到„„)
(6)I’m sorry it has taken me so long to reply to you …(抱歉，我耽误了许久才给你回信。)
(7)I can’t tell you how much your letter delighted me …(收到你的信，我说不出我心里有多高兴。) (8)Thank you for how your letter of May 14, telling me that…(感谢你在5月14日的信中告诉我„„) (9)Your letter of Friday arrived this morning .(今天上午收到了你星期五写来的信。)
7.5.2常用结束语
(1)I hope to receive an early and favorable reply. (盼能早日收到佳音。) (2)Expecting to hear from you soon .(盼早日回复。)
(3)I am looking forward to your early reply .(盼早日回复。) (4)I am looking forward to seeing you soon .(盼早日见面。)
(5)We thank you for a favorable reply at your earliest convenience. (你能在方便的时候尽早回复，我们将感激不尽。) (6)Please give my love (regards, best wishes) to …(请代我向„„问好/祝福。) (7)Kindest regards to you and your family .(请代我向你全家问好。)
(8)Hoping you will keep fit, study hard, and work well.(希望你身体健康，学习努力，工作顺利。) (9)All good wishes .(祝你万事如意。)
小结：本章罗列了议论文文体开头、正文、结尾部分、图表作文和书信文体的常用句型供考生在实际写作中采用。从某种意义上讲，在写作中使用的常用词语、句型组成了篇章结构的逻辑纽带，对形成合适、妥当的语文有至关重要的作用。
补充：英语写作常用句型：
句子写的好坏，是文章写作成败的关键。以下一些惯用句型，实用性较强。
一。开头句型：
1. As far as…is concerned,… 就……而论
When it comes to sth/doing sth.当谈论到……
1) As far as the role of information in the future is concerned, I believe that information will
play a more and more important part in people’s decision-making.
2) As far as what was mentioned above is concerned, how can we ignore the advantages
travelling brings forth?
就前面所提及的而言，我们怎么可以忽视旅游带来的裨益呢?
2. It goes without saying that… 不用说
1) It goes without saying that practice makes perfect.
2) It goes without saying that reading makes a full man.
3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定的说
1) It can …… that cultivating a hobby can add fun to our life.
2) It can ….… that because of the knowledge, we can now enjoy a comfortable life which is
brought about by advanced technology.
可以肯定地说，正由于知识我们才能享受科技进步所带来的舒适生活。
4.As the proverb says, … 有句谚语说
As the saying gose, … 俗话说
As the saying puts it, … 俗话说
1) As the proverb says, “Honesty is the best policy.” 诚实为上策。
2) As………goes, “Diligence makes up for deficiencies.” 俗话说：“勤能补拙”。
3) An English proverb says, “Lost time is never found again.”
英国有句谚语说的好：“光阴如流水，一去不复回。”
5.It has to be noticed that …必须注意的是……
1) It has to be noticed that the air we breathe is already seriously polluted by the exhaust
factories and vehicles give off.
必须注意的是：我们呼吸的空气已经被工厂和交通工具所释放的废气严重污染了。
2) It has to be noticed that market all over the country are swamped with fake and poor
quality products and this has greatly harmed the state’s interests and people’s health.
必须注意的是：假冒伪劣的产品充斥全国市场，这种情况大大损害了国家利益和人民的健康。
6.It’s generally recognized that … 人们普遍认为
1)It’s generally recognized that college students shouldn’t try to reach after what is beyond
their grasp when they choose to find a good job after graduation.人们普遍认为大学生在大学毕业后想找一个好工作时，不应该追求超出他们能力以外的目标。
2) It’s generally recognized that lazy hands makes a man poor, while diligent hands bring1
wealth.人们普遍认为：懒惰招贪，而勤能致富。
7.It’s likely that…很可能
Chances are that … 很可能
1) It’s likely that different people will hold different opinion/views about money.
2) Chances are that sooner or later your lie will be found out and it’ll then expose you to
shame.很可能你的谎话迟早会被人发现，使你处于耻辱的境地。
8.It’s hardly too much to say that… 毫不夸大地说
1) It’s ………that timely participation in social practice will benefit college students
throughout their life.毫不夸张的说，大学生适时地参加社会实践将会使他们终身受益。
2) It’s …………that one of the most urgent problems facing the people in the near future
will come form the rapid growth of population.毫不夸张地说，在不远的将来人们所面临的最紧迫的问题将来自于人口的急剧增加。
9.It’s well known that… 众所周知
1) It’s well known that that health is the foundation of one’s future success.
健康是一个人未来成功的基础。
2) It’s well known that that Chinese is referred to as “The kingdom of Bicycles”. Wherever
you go, you may see people riding on bicycles.
众所周知，中国被称为“自行车王国”，不管你走到哪里，都能看见人们骑着自行车。
10.It must be emphasized that… 必须强调的是。。。
It’s………that if you don’t acquire a large vocabulary, you can’t improve your reading ability.
11.There is no doubt that …… 毫无疑问;无可否认
There is no denying the fact that… 毫无疑问;无可否认
1) There is …… that countries with undeveloped education will remain poor.
无可否认，教育不发达的国家，将仍然是贫困的。
2) There is …… that spoken English is very important in the modern society.
12.Nothing is more important than the fact that… 最重要的事实是
Nothing is more important than the fact that we are now faced with the serious problem of unemployment.
13.What’s far more important is that… 更重要的是……
1) Regardless of the pay, I think what is far more important is that I can really know a lot about the society from my part-time job.
不考虑收入问题，我认为更重要的是，我能从我的业余工作中了解许多社会知识。
2) What’s far more important is that watching TV helps me broaden my mind and adds much
to my knowledge of the world.
更重要的是，看电视有助于我扩大眼界，增加对世界的了解。
14. With the development of …随着……的发展
With the development of technology, we may turn to computers to do a lot of creative work.
二. 衔接转折句型
1. A case in point is… 恰当的例子是……
1) A case in point is that we won’t have pure water or fresh air which are necessary to our lives
because of the pollution.
恰当的例子是, 由于污染，我们将无法拥有生命所需要的纯净水和新鲜空气。
2)A case in point is that when you are studying abroad you can’t see your family and friends
when you are missing them, while there will be no such problem when you studying at home.
2.As is often the case, …情况往往如此 ……
As is often the case，there are so many temptations in the society that if we have a little carelessness, we may be misled. 情况往往如此,稍有不慎，就会误入歧途。
3.As stated in the previous paragraph, …如前段所述……
As has been mentioned above, …如上所述
As has been mentioned above, spoken English is very important, therefore, many people begin to study English again.
4.In spite of the fact…尽管……
1) In spite of the fact that there are many wealthy men who have little education, education is vital to the development of an individual in this more and more advanced society.
尽管有许多富人没有受过什么教育，但在不断进步的社会中，教育对个人的发展是至关重要的。
2) In spite of the fact that computers are taking over some of the tasks that were once
accomplished by our own brains, they are nothing but machines and they will never take the place of man. 尽管计算机正在接替我们一度用大脑完成的工作，但是它们只不过是机器而已，决不会代替人。
5.However, the difficulty lies in …然而问题在于……
1)However, the difficulty lies in how we can bring the rapid population increase under
control.
2)However, the difficulty lies in how to dispose of the wastes in a way that will not
endanger the environment. 使之不危害环境的方式处理。
6. In view of the present situation, …鉴于目前形势……
In view of the present situation，measures of the following should be taken: pollution standards are made to keep down poisons; killing off certain rare species is prohibited; national parks should be set up as wild life reserves.
鉴于目前形势，人们应采取以下措施：制定污染标准以降低有害物质;严禁杀害某些稀有物种;应修建国家公园作为野生动物保护区。
7.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is…
然而我们还要看到事物的另一面，即：……
(Some other people look at the other side of the coin, …)
The development of science and technology will bring great benefit both to our everyday life and to our work. However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is, this development is sure to bring about some new problems we have never encounter before.虽然科学的发展对我们的日常生活和工作都将带来巨大的利益，但是我们还需要看到事物的另一面，即: 这一发展一定也会带来一些我们过去未曾遇到过的新问题。
三. 结尾句型
1. I will conclude by saying that … 最后我要说的是 ……
I will conclude by saying that we must practise more to improve our spoken English.
2. Therefore, we have the reason to believe that… 因此，我们有理由相信……
Therefore, we have the reason to believe that man will make greater progress in environmental protection after laws have been established to protect our natural resources and to stop the environment pollution.
因此我们有理由相信在制定法律保护自然资源和防止环境污染后，人类在环保方面还将取得更大的进步。
3.All things considered, …总而言之
1) All things considered，we college students must learn as many kinds of knowledge as we can during our stay at university, or we can’t meet the future needs and can’t be what we are expected to be.
总而言之，我们大学生必须在大学期间尽力学习各种知识，否则，我们将不能满足未来的需要，也不能适应未来对我们的要求。
2) All things considered, the housing problem is very complicated, involving many other problems such as traffic, so you cannot rely on only one way to solve the problem completely.
总而言之，住房问题非常复杂，它牵涉到许多其它问题，如交通，你不能只靠一种方法就可以把住房问题完全解决。
4.It may be safely said that…可以有把握的说
It may be safely said that more and more women will play an important role in political, social and economic life.
可以有把握的说，越来越多的妇女将在政治，社会和经济生活中起着重要作用。
常用短语类：
1.表示列举：
首先：first, firstly, first of all, in the first place, to begin with, to start with, on the one hand;第二，其次：second, secondly, in the second place, besides, then, next, in addition, at the same
time, on the other hand, furthermore, moreover, what’s more;
e.g. In the first place, tourism enables us the know about the outside world. …
2. 表示举例：
for example, for instance, such as, like, and so on, and so forth, take…as an example;
e.g. Let’s take the library on campus as example, the library on campus is often equipped with
computers which store information about different categories of reference books.
3. 表示原因：
because = in that(接句子), because of, due to, owing to, as a result of;
e.g. College students should learn about society outside campus, in that it will
broaden our mind.
4. 表示结果：
so, therefore, as a result, thus, for this reason, so…that…;
5. 表示对照，比较：
the same as, be similar to, like, as… as…, similarly, in the same way, just as, more…than,
less …than, although, while, be contrary to, on the contrary, in(by) contrast, but, though, however, on the other hand;
6. 表示定义：
mean, refer to, according to, be defined as, what I mean by… is that…, in this case;e.g. Luck refers to moments of good fortune that happen in our daily life.
According to my understanding, a friend means one who can share our sorrows and double
our joys.
7. 表示结论(尾)：
to sum up, in sum, all in all, in a word, in brief, in short, in other words, as has been mentioned
above…, therefore, so,
一、用于驳性和比较性论文
1. In general, I don’t agree with
2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water.
3. The chief reason why… is that…
4.There is no true that…
5. It is not true that…
6. It can be easily denied than…
7. We have no reason to believe that…
8. What is more serious is that…
9. But it is pity that…
10. Besides, we should not neglect that…
11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…
12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that… 13. Perhaps I was question why…
14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…
15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but
16. What seems to be the trouble is…
17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…
18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…
19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…
20. What these people fail to consider is that…
21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …
22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too.
23. The advantages of B are much greater than A.
24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration.
二、用于描写图表和数据
1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.
2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year.
3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.
4. It would be expected to increase 5 times.
5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.
6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.
7. The total number was lowered by 10%.
8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year.
9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.
10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.
11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…
三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文
1.Everybody knows that…
2.It can be easily proved that… 3. It is true that…
4. No one can deny that
5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…
6. The chief reason is that…
7. We must recognize that…
8. There is on doubt that…
9. I am of the opinion that…
10. This can be expressed as follows;
11. To take …for an example…
12. We have reason to believe that
13. Now that we know that…
14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…
15. The change in …largely results from the fact that
16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally… 17. A number of factors could account for the development in…
18. Perhaps the primary reason is…
19. It is chiefly responsible of…
20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…
21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…
22. Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that…
23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…
24. Different people observes it in different ways.
四、用于文章的开头
1. As the proverb says…
2. It goes without saying tan…
3. Generally speaking…
4. It is quite clear than because…
5. It is often said that …
6. Many people often ask such question:“…?”
7. More and more people have come to realize…
8. There is no doubt that…
9. Some people believe that…
10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?
11. One great man said that…
12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention.
13. In the past several years there has been…
14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…
15. Currently there is a widespread concern that…
16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…
17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …
18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.
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