四级翻译练习
1. 孔子
孔子(Confucius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和 宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰，中国思想史上 20 世纪伟大的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影响比作 西方的苏格拉底。
参考译文: Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung. Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history of Chinese thought, compares Confucius’s influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.
2. 京剧
京剧(Beijing Opera)是中国的国粹。 作为一门古老的艺术，京剧的服装 (costume)、 脸谱(facial mask)更易被人喜爱。不同的服装类型反映不同的人物身份特征。富贵者的服装缀满精美的刺绣;穷困者的服装则简单朴素，少有装饰(elemental)。 脸谱是京剧中塑造人物 形象的重要 手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜色让人一看便知角色(portray)的善恶。比如白色代表奸诈(treachery)， 黑色代表正直不阿，黄色是骁勇，蓝、绿色多用于绿林 好汉(rebellious fighters)，金、银色多用于神佛(divinity and Buddhism)等。
参考译文: Beijing Opera is the cream of the Chinese culture. As a traditional art form, its costumes and facial mask are more popular with people. Different styles of costumes are used to reflect the status of different characters. There are more decorations in the costumes of nobles，while those of the poor tend to be simple and less elemental. Facial masks can reflect qualities of different characters. Facial masks using different colors are important ways to portray a character. People can tell a hero from a villain by the colors of the masks. In general，white usually represents treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters，while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.
3. 茶马古道
茶马古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)两边，生活着 20 多个少数 民族。不同的地方有着各自美丽而神奇的自然风景和传统文化，比 如:大理，丽江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅鲁藏布江 大峡谷和布达拉宫(Potala Palace)。古道的两旁有庙宇、岩石壁画、骚站(post house),古桥和木板路，还有少数民族舞蹈和民族服装。时至今天，虽然这条古道的踪迹都消失了，但它的文化和历史价值仍然存在。
参考译文: Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minorities. Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace. The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads. It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs. Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.
4.八大菜系
中国一个幅员辽阔、 资源丰富、 历史悠久的多民族国家， 每个民族都有其独特的丰富菜肴。 地域菜系在地理环境、气候、文化传统、民族风俗和其他因素的影响下经过悠久历史的发 展已经成形。 最有影响力、最具代表性的是鲁、川、粤、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽菜系， 这八 种被人们称为“八大菜系” 。中国的“八大菜系”是以多种多样 的烹饪方法区分的，各有其长处。
参考译文: China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes. Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors. The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines” . Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.
5. 四合院
四合院是从明代的北京延续下来的古典建筑风格的住宅。四合 院之间的狭窄的街道被称为 “胡同” 。一个四合院有园林包围着四个房子，有高高的围墙保护。四合院与胡同都是人们 常见到的，有超 过 700 多年的历史，但是由于现在的城市改造和中国经济的发展，四合院 慢慢地从北京消失。
参考译文: Si He Yuan is a classical architecture style of residential housing of Beijing citizens dated from the Ming Dynasty. The narrow streets between the Si He Yuan are called “Hutong”. A single implementation of Si He Yuan comprises of garden surrounded by four houses and protected by high walls. Si He Yuan with Hutong which have been very familiar to people，having a history of more than 700 years now suffer from the urban renovation and economic development of China, and they are slowly disappearing from Beijing.
6. 少林功夫
少林功夫(Shaolin Kungfii)是河南登封少林寺信奉佛教文化的和尚们练习的一种武术(martial arts)。少林寺，建于北魏(the Northern Wei Dynasty)太和期(Taihe Period)十九年，是少林功夫发展的文化空间。少林功夫最初是佛教僧侣练习的，他们的职责是保护寺庙。 现在经过 1500 多年的发展，少林功夫已逐步发展成为一种完美技术和丰富含义相融合的艺术，在全世界享有声誉。
参考译文: Shaolin Kungfu is a kind of martial arts practiced by monks under the special Buddhist culture of the Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng City, Henan Province. The Shaolin Temple, built in the Nineteenth year of Taihe Period during the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a cultural space for the development of the Shaolin Kungfu. The Shaolin Kungfii, which is originally practiced by the Buddhist monks whose duties were to protect the temple, has been gradually developed into an art of perfect technology, abundant meanings and high reputation in the whole world after more than 1500 years of development.
7. 秧歌
秧歌是农历正月的主要的民族花市形式。 在这种活动中， 两人都盛装打扮， 轮流唱歌跳舞， 其他人作为唱歌和跳舞的搭档。锣(gong) 鼓按照节奏敲打;唢呐(suona)或其他传统的弦乐 器、木管乐器作为背景音乐。
参考译文: Yangge, which is one of the main forms of folk flower fair actions in the first month of the lunar year. In this activity, two people are dressed up, singing and dancing in antiphonal style, others act as singing and dancing partners. The gong and drum are beaten in rhythm; traditional stringed and woodwind instruments are dubbed in background music.
8. 筷子
说到筷子(chopsticks)的起源，中国是世界上第一个使用筷子的 国家，用筷子吃饭已经有至 少 3000 年的历史了。筷子看起来很简单， 只有两根小细棒，但它有很多功能，比如挑选， 移动，夹，搅拌或 者挖。此外，它便于使用，价格便宜。而且筷子也是世界上独有的 餐具 (tableware)。使用筷子的人，无论是中国人还是外国人，都无不钦佩筷子的发明者。
As the origin of chopsticks, China is the first country in the world to use chopsticks and has a history of at least 3,000 years to have meals with chopsticks. Chopsticks seems quite simple with only two small and thin sticks, but it is in possession of many functions, such as picking, moving, nipping, mixing and digging; moreover，it is convenient for use and cheap in price. Besides, chopsticks are also unique tableware in the world. Anyone using chopsticks， no matter Chinese or foreigners, would without exception admire the inventor of chopsticks.
9. 扇子
中国扇子的历史可以追溯到 3000 多年前的商朝(the Shang Dynasty)。第一种扇子叫作 “扇汗” (Shanhan),是拴在马车上用来 挡住强烈的阳光，给乘客遮雨的。“扇汗”有点像现在的雨伞。后来 “扇汗”变成了由薄但是结实的丝绸或者鸟的羽毛做成的长柄扇，称为中山扇 (Zhangshan fan),它主要用于皇帝的仪仗(honour guard)装饰。
参考译文: The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3,000 years ago，around the Shang Dynasty. The first type of fan, known as Shanhan, was tied to a horse-drawn carriage to shut out the strong sunshine and shelter the passengers from the rainfall. The Shanhan was a bit like today’s umbrella. Later this Shanhan became a long-handled fan made of thin and tough silk or birds5 feathers, called a Zhangshan fan, which was mainly used by the emperor’s honour guard as decoration.
10. 中国茶
中国是茶的故乡。 据说早在五六千年前， 中国就有了茶树(tea- shrub),而且有关茶树的人类 文明可以追溯到两千年前。来自中国的茶和丝绸、瓷器(porcelain)—样，在 1000 年前为世界所知，而且一直是中国重要的出口产品。目前世界上 40 多个国家种植茶，其中亚 洲国家的产量占世界总产量的 90%。其他国家的茶树都直接或间接地起源于中国。
参考译文: China is the homeland of tea. It is believed that China has tea- shrubs as early as five to six thousand years ago，and human cultivation of tea pants can date back two thousand years. Tea from China，along with her silk and porcelain, began to be known the world over more than a thousand years ago and has since always been an important Chinese export. At present more than forty countries in the world grow tea with Asian countries producing 90% of the world’s total output. All tea trees in other countries have their origin directly or indirectly in China.
11.丝绸之路
丝绸之路(the Silk Road)是历史上连接中国和地中海的一条重要 贸易路线。因为这条路上的 丝绸贸易占绝大部分，所以在 1877 年它 被德国的一位地理学家命名为“丝绸之路” 。这条 古道从长安开始， 经过河西走廊(the Hexi Corridor),到达敦煌后分成三条：南部路线， 中部 路线和北部路线。 这三条路遍布新疆维吾尔自治区(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region)， 然后扩展到巴基斯坦(Pakistan)，印度， 甚至罗马。
参考译文: The Silk Road is a historically important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean. Because silk comprised a large proportion of trade along this road, in 1877, it was named the Silk Road by an eminent German geographer. This ancient road begins at Chang’an, then by way of the Hexi Corridor，and it reaches Dunhuang, where it divides into three, the Southern Route，Central Route and Northern Route. The three routes spread all over the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and then they extend as far as Pakistan, India and even Rome.
12.经济水平多样化的中国
中国是一个文化、语言、风俗和经济水平都很多样化的地方。 经济格局尤其多样化。大城市如北京，广州和上海是现代的，相对富裕的。然而，约 50%的中国人仍然生活在农村地区，尽管中国只有 10%的土地是可耕地(arable land)。数百万农村居民仍然依靠体力劳动或役畜(draft animal)耕作。两三百万农民迁到城镇寻找工作。 一般来说，南部和东部沿海地区比内陆地区更富有，西部和北部，以及西南部是非常不发达的地区。 参考译文: China is a very diverse place with large variations in culture, language, customs and economic levels. The economic landscape is particularly diverse. The major cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai are moden and comparatively wealthy. However, about 50% of Chinese still live in rural areas even though only 10% of China ’s land is arable. Hundreds of millions of rural residents still farm with manual labour or draft animals. Some 200 to 300 million former peasants migrated to townships and cities in search of work. Generally the southern and eastern coastal regions are wealthier while inland areas, the far west and north, and the southwest are much less developed.
13. 中国对外贸易
对于世界上很多国家来说，中国正迅速成为他们最重要的双边 (bilateral)贸易伙伴。然而， 中国和世界其他国家之间贸易不平衡的问题已经引发了关注。尤其是美国对中国的贸易赤字是最大的， 达到了 3150 亿美元，这个数字是十年前的三倍还多。贸易纠纷(trade dispute) 也越来越多，主要是关于倾销(dumping)、知识产权和人民币的估价。
参考译文: For many countries around the world, China is rapidly becoming their most important bilateral trade partner. However，there have been concerns over large trade imbalances between China and the rest of the world. The US in particular has the largest trade deficit in the world with China at $315 billion, more than three times what it was a decade ago. There have also been a growing number of trade disputes brought against, mainly for dumping, intellectual property and the valuation of the yuan.
14.中国的假日
中国人民依法享受超过 115 天的假期，其中包括 104 天的周末和 11 天的节假日。中国一 年中有 7个法定假日，包括元旦(New Year’s Day),春节(Spring Festival),清明节(Qingming Festival), 五一劳动节(May Day)，端午节(Dragon Boat Festival),中秋节(Mid- Autumn Day)和国庆节(National Day)。员工有 5 至 15 天的带薪年假。学生和老师有大约三个月的寒暑假。在中国，暑假一般约在 7 月 1 日开始，8 月 31 日左右结束，寒假是根据春节的日期，通常是在 1 月或 2 月
参考译文: Chinese people legally enjoy over 115 days off including 104 days of weekends and 11 days of festivals. China has seven legal holidays in a year，including New Year’s Day, Spring Festival, Qingming Festival, May Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Day and National Day. Employees have 5 to 15 days of paid annual leave. Students and teachers have summer and winter vacations for about three months. The summer vacation in China generally starts around July 1st and ends around August 31st，and the winter vacation usually falls on January or February according to the date of the Spring Festival.
15.信用卡
信用卡(credit card)是银行所创造出来的最便捷同时也是最危险 的信用工具。通过信用卡， 人们可以先用银行付账的方式购买那些 负担不起的物品， 同时， 银行也将对此征收比 一般贷款要高的利率 (interest rate)。遗憾的是，信用卡现巳成为资本主义体制(capitalist system)的重要组成部分，而该体制就得依赖消费(consumption)的持续增长。
Credit cards are one of the most convenient devices ever created by the banking system but, at the same time, one of the most dangerous. They allow people to buy things they，otherwise, couldn’t afford， with money created by the banks and, charged out at much higher interest rates than normal loans. Unfortunately, credit cards have become an essential part of the capitalist system which only survives on the continued growth in consumption.
参考译文: 16.老龄化
根据全国老龄工作委员会(the China National Committee On Aging)的数据来看，到 2053 年， 中国 60 岁及以上的老人数量预计 会从目前的 1.85 亿一跃变为 4.87 亿，或者说是占总人口 的 35%。扩张的比例是由于寿命的增加和计划生育政策(family planning policies) 限制大部分城市家庭只生一个孩子。快速老龄化对社会和经济稳定 造成了严重威胁。
参考译文:The number of people aged 60 and above in China is expected to jump from the current 185 million to 487 million, or 35 percent of the population, by 2053，according to figures from the China National Committee On Aging. The expanding ratio is due both an increase in life expectancy and by family planning policies that limit most urban families to a single child. Rapid aging poses serious threats to the country’s social and economic stability.
17.中国经济
自从 1978 年经济改革以来，中国已经完成了从中央计划经济 (centrally planned economy)向 市场经济(market based economy)的转变。超过 6 亿人已经脱离了贫困，但是仍然有超过 1.7 亿人生活在 国际贫困线以下，每天少于 1.25 美元。2012 年，中国的人均 GDP 为 12405.67 美 元，这是 30 年前的 37 倍。到 2018 年，中国的人均 GDP 将从世界第 90 位上升到第 75 位。 然而，这仍然是低于预计的世界平均水平。
参考译文: Since initiating market reforms in 1978，China has shifted from a centrally planned to a market based economy. More than 600 million citizens have been lifted out of poverty, but over 170 million people still live below the $1.25-a-day international poverty line. In 2012, China’s GDP (PPP) per capita was $12,405.67. This is 37 times higher than what it was just 30 years ago. By 2018， China’ s GDP per capita will climb from the 90th to 75th highest in the world. This however will still be below the forecasted world average.
18.中国的保健食品
中国的保健食品(health food)市场首次出现于 20 世纪 80 年代。 保健食品是指具有特定保 健功能或补充维生素或矿物质的食品。保 健食品适用于特定人群消费，具有调节人体功能 的效果， 但不用于治疗疾病的目的。 保健食品有两种。 一种是具有特定保健功能的食品， 另外一种是营养补充剂。
China’s health food market first emerged in the 1980s. Health food refers to food products which claim to have specific health functions or supplement one’s vitamins or minerals. Health food is suitable for the consumption by specific groups of people and has the effect of regulating human body functions, but is not used for the purpose of treating diseases. There are two kinds of health food. One is food with specific health functions, the other is nutritional supplements.
19.成年子女必须探望父母的法律
这周颁布的一项新法律要求子女必须经常探望年龄超过 60 岁的 父母， 并确保他们经济和精 神上的需求得到满足。星期二，新华社 报导了_条新闻，来自江苏市无锡市的一位 77 岁的老太太起诉她的女儿忽略她。这是新法律生效后的第一起案件， 当地法院规定她的女儿至少每月探望母亲两次，并提供财力支持。但是这项法律引发了争议。有人说这给了那些因为工作、学习或者其他原因搬离家乡的人更多压力。 参考译文: A new national law introduced this week requires the offspring of parents older than 60 to visit their parents “frequently” and make sure their financial and spiritual needs are met. On Tuesday, Xinhua reported a news that a 77-year-old woman from Jiangsu city of Wuxi sued her daughter for neglecting her. In the first case after the new law came into effect, the local court ruled that her daughter must visit her at least twice a month and provide financial support. But the law’s introduction has proved controversial. Some say it puts too much pressure on those who move away from home for work, study or other opportunities.
20.中国游客出境游
联合国下属机构世界旅游组织(World Tourism Organization)公布的数据显示，中国游客对全 球旅游业的贡献最大。中国人去年花 在出境游上的支出膨胀至 1020 亿美元，同 2011 年相 比增长了 40%。 联合国世界旅游组织在其网站上发布的一份声明中说，这一增幅令 中国 迅速超越德国和美国。后两者在之前是出境游支出最高的两个 国家。2012 年德美两国出境 旅游支出均同比增长 6%,约 840 亿美元。 参考译文: The figures from the United Nations World Tourism Organization show that Chinese travelers are making the most contributions to the global tourism industry. Chinese travelers spent a record $102 billion on outbound tourism last year, a 40% rise from 2011. That surge sent China screaming past Germany and the U.S. — the former No. 1 and No. 2 spenders, respectively 一 which both saw tourist outlays increase 6% year- on-year to around $84 billion in 2012, the UNWTO said in a statement on its website.
21. 大学生就业问题
2008 全球经济衰退导致中国的新毕业生的就业市场显著下降。 2009 年毕业的学生将加入到 2008 年毕业仍在找工作的 300 万学生之中。毕业生过剩(glut)也可以归因于大学入学率的提高和教育机构的增加。 虽然大学的学生人数增加了， 但是他们的质量并没有明显地提高。 在大多数情况下， 毕业生无法在 2008 年找到合适的就业机 会是因为他们没有行业所需的技能。
The 2008 global recession resulted in a significant drop in the job market for China’s new graduates. Students graduating in 2009 will join around three million students who graduated in 2008 and are still seeking job opportunities. The graduate glut can also be attributed to a rise in the number of college enrollments and educational institutions. Although the number of college students has increased, there has not been any significant improvement in their quality. In most cases, graduates were unable to find suitable employment in 2008 because they did not have the skills required by the industry.
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
(一)
1. Just do it_____________(尽自己最大努力).
2._____________(抽象意义上的语言)is our facility to talk to each other.
3.We should pursue economic policies______________(根据国家利益).
4.We delayed our departure____________(由于暴风雨).
5.We had better_____________(趁天气暖和)by going for a walk this afternoon.
(二)
1.Because she knew French, she______________(比我们有利).
2.Adults should________________(原谅孩子的无知).
3.You should_________(充分利用).
4.The river__________(冲破堤岸).
5.Please_____________________(将问题提出来).
(三)
1._______________________(如果发生火灾), ring the alarm bell.
2.______________________(在这种情况下), I couldn’t go away.
3.Your care-free nature often_____________(遇到钱的问题).
4.I will do it________________(如果你帮我).
5.You may___________(学一学)the classic school of photographers.
(四)
1. We want our methods to be____________(最新的).
2. The naughty boy________________(以…为乐)pulling the cat’s tail.
3. A little persistence_____________ (发挥重要作用)between success and failure.
4.That detail_____________ (和…毫无关系)the main point of the article.
5.The regulation doesn’t_____________ (生效)until the first of March.
(五)
1.The first signs of spring are______________(显而易见).
2.He finished the job__________________ (但却损害了健康).
3.We must____________(面对困难)manfully and accept the responsibilities of our actions.
4.You can________________(随时找我们帮忙)whenever you have difficulties.
5.__________________ (你的梦想将会落空)if you don’t work on them.
(六)
1. The substance does not dissolve in water___________________ (不管是否加热).
2. Not only______________(他向我收费过高);but he didn’t do a good repair job either.
3.Your losses in trade this year are nothing_____________ (与我的相比).
4.One average, it is said, visitors spend only_____________(一半的钱)in a day in Leeds as in London.
5.By contrast, American mothers were more likely_____________(把孩子的成功归因于)natural1
talent.
(七)
1. All universities______________ (正在做好准备)for an increased intake of students.
2.After her lost son was found, _____________ (她破涕为笑).
3.He never ______________ (追名逐利).
4.My mother wanted me to___________________(从事教育工作).
5.He has given up smoking__________________(永远的).
(八)
1.When he gets old, he will_________________ (把公司交给儿子来经营).
2.His tastes are______________________(和我的相同).
3.We should serve the people__________________(全心全意的).
4.___________________(要是他没有花这么多钱该多好).
5.The population of Africa is growing_____________(极其迅速).
(九)
1.Without steady economic development, it is impossible to meet the people basic needs in life, _______________(更别提) protect the ecosystem and environment.
2.You are____________(自由的) to leave at any time you want.
3.____________________(鉴于国际局势的变化), the Chinese government wishes to share with the governments of other countries some of its basic views concerning the establishment of a new international order.
4.This new discovery ____________ (有助于说明这个问题).
5.We must never______________ (辜负) our parents’ trust and expectation.
(十)
1.Her beauty cannot_________________________(弥补她的愚蠢).
2.The ship was ____________________(任凭波涛的摆布).
3.We ought to___________________(充分利用时间).
4.Being a professional actor_____________(必定) means working nights and Sundays.
5._______________________(既然我们学完了这门课程)，we shall start doing more revision.
(十一)
1. Men like that never____________________(冒险尝试).
2. He had not yet attempted to_________________________(把他的理论付诸实践).
3. She answered these embarrassing questions__________________(镇定自若).
4. _________________(关于)what we did last month I would like to read you this letter
received.
5. When defeat is _____________(不可避免), nothing matters.
随着中国的改革开放，如今很多年轻人都喜欢举行西式婚礼。新娘在婚礼上穿着白色的婚纱，因为白色被认为是纯洁的象征。然而，在中国的传统文化中，白色经常是葬礼上使用的颜色。因此务必记住，白花一定不要用作祝人康复的礼物，尤其不要送给老年人或危重病人。同样，礼金也不能装在白色的信封里，而要装在红色的信封里。 改革开放：reform and opening up 西式：in western style 葬礼：funeral 祝人康复的礼物：gifts for patients 危重病人：critically sick patients 礼金：cash gift
With China’s reform and opening up, quite a number of youngsters would like to celebrate their weddings in western style. The bride wears a white wedding dress at the ceremony, as white is regarded as a symbol of purity. However, in traditional Chinese culture, white is a color that is often used in funerals. That’s why it’s necessary to keep in mind that white flowers must not be gifts for patients, especially not for the elders or critically sick patients. Similarly, the cash gift shouldn’t be packed in a white envelope, but in a red one.
在中国文化中，红色通常象征着好运、长寿和幸福。在春节和其他喜庆场合，红色到处可见。人们把现金作为礼物送给家人或亲密朋友时，通常放在红信封里。红色在中国流行的另一个原因是人们把它与中国革命和共产党相联系。然而，红色并不总是代表好运和快乐。因为从前死者的名字常用红色书写，用红墨水书写中国人名被看成是一种冒犯。 象征：symbolize signify
mean
represent 到处可见：can be seen/found everywhere
中国革命和共产党：Chinese Revolution and Communist Party 冒犯：offense
The color of red in Chinese culture usually symbolizes good luck, longevity and happiness. Red can be found everywhere during Chinese Spring Festival and on other joyous occasions. Cash is often put in red envelopes and sent to family members or close friends as a gift. Its popularity in China can also be attributed to the fact that people associate it with the Chinese Revolution and Communist Party. However, red does not signify good luck and joy all the time in that the name of the dead used to be written in red. Thus it is regarded as an offense to write the names of Chinese people in red ink.
1 世界贸易组织成立于1995年1月1日，目的是确保一个稳定的全球和贸易经济环境。在当今世界上的190多个国家中，世界贸易组织的成员国(member country)有158个。在处理国家之间的贸易规则方面，世界贸易组织是唯一的全球性国际组织。世贸组织的事务应该引起我们的关注，因为世贸组织制定的规则对我们国家的经济和国民生活都有一定的影响。 The WTO (World Trade Organization),established on January 1, 1995, aims to ensure a stable trade and economic world environment. The WTO is an association of 158 member countrie
The Olympic Games are an international multisport event subdivided into summer and winter sporting events. The summer and winter games are each held every four years. The original Olympic Games were first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece. The Olympics are one of the largest media events. In Sydney in 2000 there were more than 16 000 broadcasters and journalists, and an estimated 3.8 billion viewers watched the games on television. However, the development of the Olympics is one of the largest problems the Olympics face today. 3 《三国演义》由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是一部中国历史题材小说。小说以汉朝末年和三国时期的历史演变为背景，叙述了在这个动荡(turbulent)时期发生的一系列重大事情。整个故事情节从公元168年开始一直到公元280年领土统一(reunification)时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字，分为120个章节，共描述了1 191个人物角色，堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD 280. It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800 000 words, 1 191 characters, and 120 chapters. 4 秧歌舞(Yangko)是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装 (costume)，他们的表演动作有力而迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣(gong)鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。 The Yangko dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces. Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful costumes, and their movements are vigorous and quick. During holidays such as lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside. In recent years, elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers mostly enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round. 5 中国人喜欢在一起吃饭，这个传统可以追溯到很久之前。这反映出中国人喜欢团圆、不愿分离的观念——圆桌、圆盘、圆碗都象征着团圆和美满。盘子通常放在桌子的中央,这样坐在桌子面前的所有人都可以吃得到。一锅热汤尤其可以增加和谐、团圆的气氛。朋友们也喜欢在一起吃饭、生活。最近一位美国汉学家(Sinologist)的著作认为，中国人的集体观念(collective tradition)就是从一同吃饭发展而来的。
Chinese like to eat together, which is a tradition that can be traced back a long time ago. It reflects the Chinese notion of union versus division—round tables, round dishes, and round bowls all symbolize union and perfection. Dishes are usually placed at the center of the table so that everyone around the table can share them. A hot pot, in particular, adds to the atmosphere of harmony and union. Friends also like to eat and live together. A recent book by an American Sinologist held that the Chinese collective tradition developed out of the practice of eating together. 6 川剧(Sichuan Opera)就像四川火锅以及其他的名菜一样动人、丰富。变脸(Face Changing)是川剧中的一大亮点。据说古人在他们的脸上作画，[JP2]以便赶走野生动物。川剧吸收了这一古老的技艺并将其升华为一门艺术。变脸是一门神奇的艺术。演员在不到20秒的时间内要换十多次脸谱。通过举手、摆袖或摇头，演员使用不同的脸谱来表现不同的情绪，并通过看得见摸得着的脸谱表达出看不见摸不着的感情。
Sichuan Opera(Chuan Ju), like hotpot and other famous Sichuan dishes, is exciting and rich. Face Changing is the highlight of Sichuan Opera. It is said that ancient people painted their faces to drive away wild animals. Sichuan Opera absorbs this ancient skill and perfects it into an art. Face Changing is a magical art. Actors change more than 10 masks in less than 20 seconds. By raising the hand, swinging a sleeve or tossing the head, an actor uses different masks to show different emotions, expressing invisible and intangible feelings through visible and tangible masks. 7 长城作为世界上最伟大的奇观之一，是古代中国在不同时期为抵御北方游牧民族(nomadic tribe)侵袭而修筑的规模浩大的军事工程的统称。如同巨龙一般，长城自东向西绵延8 800多公里。距今已有2 000多年历史的万里长城很多地方已经变成了废墟，但是它仍然是世界上最具吸引力的地方。1987年，长城被联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)列为世界文化遗产。 The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders in the world, is the general name of a series of largescale military constructions during different periods in ancient China, hoped for the defense against the invasion of nomadic tribes from the north. Just like a gigantic dragon, the Great Wall stretches over 8 800 kilometers from east to west of China. With a history of more than 2 000 years, many sections of the Great Wall have been in ruins now. However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the world. In 1987, the Great Wall was listed as a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. 8 光棍节，又称“双十一”，最初是由大学生发起的单身人士的情人节，现在已经从最初的庆祝单身变成了中国人的一个网购狂欢节。过去六年里，中国的电商(ecommerce)巨头们开始利用这一商机，通过打折促销吸引顾客，提高销售收入。天猫(Tmall.com)双十一一天的销售额从2009年的5 000万飙升至2013年的350亿。邮政部门(the State Post Bureau)表示由于准备充分，尽管订单增加，快递业务仍然运行正常。
Singles Day, also named the Double 11 Day, which originated with college students as an alternative to Valentines Day for single people, now has transformed its original function as a day of celebration for the great unloved into a day of crazy online shopping for the Chinese people. Over the past six years, Singles Day has been taken advantage of by Chinese ecommerce giants by offering discounts and launching sales campaigns on that day to attract customers and boost sales income. Sales at Tmall.com on Singles Day have snowballed from 50 million yuan in 2009 to 35 billion yuan in 2013. The State Post Bureau said that thanks to adequate preparation, express deliveries were running on schedule despite the increase in orders. 9 对于中国人来说，“面子”十分重要，它指的是一个人根源于自尊的名誉观。大部分中国人都认为，有面子是最重要的事情之一，丢面子则会带来巨大的痛苦。因此，人们必须了解并遵守面子规则，如果违反就会受到严厉的惩罚。然而，有时候一个人丢面子不仅仅是因为他们的行为不符合社会的要求，还可能是由于别人的行为没有符合他个人的期待。
Face is immensely important for the Chinese. It can be defined as a notion of ones reputation rooted in selfesteem. Most of the Chinese people believe that to have face is one of the most valued things, while to lose face is a cause of great anguish. Thus, people are expected to know and abide by the rules of face and are penalized harshly if they break them. However, sometimes a person could lose face not only because of his failure to match up to societys obligations on him, but also from the failure of others to act in accordance with his expectations of them.
10 武术在我国源远流长，是中国传统文化的瑰宝(gem)。我们知道，一个民族的优秀文化遗产不仅仅属于一个民族，它会逐渐传播到世界的其他地方而成为人类的共同财富。为了更好地推广武术，使其与奥运项目接轨，中国武协和国际武联(the Chinese Wushu Association and the International Wushu Federation)做了艰苦卓绝的工作。现在武术已被列为一种与保龄球(bowling)和国际标准舞(international standard dance)有同等地位的奥运表演项目。
With a long history in China, wushu is a gem of Chinese traditional culture. As we all know, the excellent cultural heritage of a nation doesnt belong to the nation alone but will be spread to the rest of the world gradually to be shared by all humanity. The Chinese Wushu Association and the International Wushu Federation have been working very hard to popularize wushu and move it closer to the Olympic events. Now, wushu has been accepted as an Olympic demonstration event with the same status as bowling and international standard dance. 11 旗袍(Qipao)是中国独特的传统服饰。旗袍原本是满族(Manchu)妇女的服装，穿在身上非常宽松，直上直下，中间没有腰线。后来一些汉族的女性对这种服饰进行了改造，使它更加合身、性感。20世纪20年代，旗袍在上海的女学生中变得非常流行。旗袍一般是由丝绸制成，领口、袖口和腋襟上都绣有精细的花边。旗袍体现了中国女性的端庄、温柔和美丽。
Qipao is a unique kind of traditional Chinese attire. Originally worn by Manchu women, Qipao fitted loosely and hung straight down the body with no waistlines. And then some Han Chinese ladies carried out some improvements on the design, making it more fitting and sexier. When it came to the 1920s, Qipao became very popular among the girl students in Shanghai. Qipao is usually made of silk, and embroidered with delicate laces at the neckline, cuffs and edges. Qipao embodies Chinese womens modesty, softness and beauty.
12 中国石窟(grotto)主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美(sublimity)与世俗情(secular feeling)融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。
Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China, there are four major art landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, displaying the art of architecture, painting, sculptures and etc. The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become an important international cultural heritage. 13 中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说及词(ci)、赋(fu)、曲(qu)等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。小说历史悠久，并在明清时期达到巅峰。小说中的《三国演义》《水浒传》《西游记》《红楼梦》被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗，是汲取古代文明精粹、处世为人策略与智慧的重要途径。
Chinese classical literature includes poetry, prose, fiction, and ci (new lyrics written to preexisting tunes), fu (“descriptive poems” of prosepoetry), qu (a freer form based on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other styles. Its artistic expressions are various in techniques. Chinese fiction has a long history, reaching its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Four classics of Chinese literature are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Pilgrimage to the West, and A Dream of Red Mansions, which have extensive and farreaching significance both on a national and international level. Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can understand traditional Chinese society and human culture, and its folklore. And it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of ancient culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others. 14 泰山(Mount Tai)位于山东中部，占地426平方千米，最高峰“玉皇顶(the Jade Emperor Peak)”海拔约1 545米。泰山以恢宏的自然景观著称于世，山上点缀着寺庙、石碑和石刻(stone inscription)。身为中国五大名山之首，泰山备受佛教(Buddhism)和道教(Taoism)的推崇。中国的很多皇帝都曾到泰山敬拜天地。传统观念认为泰山是每天太阳最先升起的地方。因此为了到泰山之巅看日出，成千上万的人午夜就开始攀登泰山。
Located in central Shandong Province, Mount Tai covers 426 square kilometers with its highest peak, the Jade Emperor Peak, reaching about 1 545 meters above sea level. Mount Tai earns a reputation for its imposing natural scenery festooned with a chain of temples, stone tablets and stone inscriptions. As the first of the “Five Great Mountains” in China, Mount Tai is revered both in Buddhism and Taoism. Many emperors in China visited it to hold the Heaven Worship ceremony. Traditional belief maintains that each day begins with the sun rising at Mount Tai, thus thousands of sun worshipers climbed it from as early as midnight in order to appreciate sunrise at its peak.
15 中国古代四大艺术中的“画”特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸墨、颜料作画于绢或宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青(inkpainting)。为区别于西方的油画而称之为中国画，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔(fine brushwork)和写意(freehand brushwork)。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。
Painting in the four art forms in ancient China particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on spun silk or xuan paper. In ancient China, it was called inkpainting. In order to distinguish it from Western oilpaintings, the Chinese people term their works “Chinese painting”, short for traditional Chinese painting. The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and freehand brushwork. The artistic characteristics of Chinese painting lie in “the writing brush and ink”. Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter. Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the artistic creation, Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.
16 瓷器(porcelain)是中国最为重要的手工艺品之一。中国瓷器有3 500多年的历史，明清时期尤其繁荣。瓷器不仅可以用作日常餐具(dinnerware)、花瓶等，精美的瓷器更是常常被人们用来装饰家居。作为高档艺术品的象征，真品瓷器常常具有极高的艺术价值和经济价值，因此，常被很多人视为珍藏品。中国瓷器受到各国人民的欢迎，经常被用作表达中外友谊的礼物。 Porcelains are one of Chinas most important handicrafts. Chinese porcelains have a history of more than 3 500 years, their most prosperous period being Ming and Qing Dynasties. Porcelains can be used as daily dinnerware and vases, and delicate porcelains are even commonly used for home decorations by people. As the symbols of highend works of art, authentic porcelains are often of extremely high artistic and economic value and therefore they are often regarded as precious collections by many people. Chinese porcelains are popular with people around the world, and they are often used as presents for expressing friendship between Chinese and foreign people. 17 酒是中国人生活中的重要饮品之一。中国制酒源远流长，享誉中外。在中国最具有代表性的酒莫过于白酒(liquor)了，从某种角度上来说，中国的酒文化就是白酒文化。酒在中国人眼里更多的是一种交际的工具。酒在中国人生活中占有重要的位置，渗透于(permeate)整个中华五千年的文明史中，包括文学创作、娱乐、烹饪、养生保健等各方面。
Alcohol is one of the important drinks in Chinese peoples life. Chinese alcoholmaking has a long history and has been renowned at home and abroad. In China, no alcohol is more representative than Chinese liquor and at some point, Chinese alcohol culture is Chinese liquor culture. Alcohol is more of a communication tool in Chinese peoples eyes. Alcohol has permeated 5 000 years civilization of the whole Chinese history, which plays an important role in every aspect of Chinese peoples life, from literary creation and entertainment to cooking and health preservation. 18 11月11日由四个1构成，因此每年此日就是光棍节(Singles Day)。20世纪90年代，南京众多大学首先开始庆祝光棍节。正如其名，这个新节日是专门为单身人士设立的。近年来，中国成为世界上互联网用户最多的国家，而单身人士是网购的主力军(main force)，许多电子商务平台(platform)就在光棍节当天开展促销活动以吸引中国不计其数的单身人士前来购物。目前，光棍节已成为中国人疯狂网购的日子。
Singles Day falls on every November 11th because the date is comprised of four “ones”. It was initially celebrated at many universities in Nanjing during the 1990s. As the name indicates, this new holiday is one exclusively for people who are still living a single life. In recent years, as China has become a country with the worlds biggest population of Internet users and the single people are the main force of Chinas online spending power, many ecommerce platforms launch promotion campaigns on the day in order to attract countless single people around China to their websites. Singles Day has become a day of crazy online shopping among the Chinese now. 19 随着城市化(urbanization)进程的加快，越来越多的农民工(migrant worker)在城市里安顿下来。他们把子女接到城里来，希望孩子能接受到更好的教育。然而，这些农民工发现现实并不像他们预期的那么美好。城市公立学校的设施和师资远远不能满足大批农民工子女的需求。幸运的是，农民工子女的教育已成为政府议事日程上优先处理的问题。
With the acceleration of urbanization, an increasing number of migrant workers settle down in the cities. They bring their children along with them to the cities, with the hope of their children receiving better education. However, the migrants find the reality is not as promising as theyve expected. The facilities and faculties in the urban public schools are far from enough to meet the needs of the big group of migrant children. Luckily, the education problem of the migrant children has become a priority on the governments agenda. 20 杭州市拥有世界上最大的公用自行车系统(bike sharing system)。目前杭州市共有2 700个公用自行车租赁站点，共计66 500辆车。计划至2020年，公共自行车的数量将增至175 000辆。租用自行车需要智能卡(smart card)，可在任意站点租车、在任意站点还车。租车骑行1小时内免费，1小时以上则按每小时1元收费。公用自行车系统对缓解杭州市的交通拥堵(congestion)起到了很大的作用。
With 66 500 bikes in 2 700 renting stations in the city now, Hangzhou owns the largest bike sharing system in the world. It plans to increase to 175 000 bikes by 2020. For renting a bike, one needs a smart card. One can rent a bike and return it at any station. Bike users can ride for free for the first hour and pay 1 yuan per hour for the extra time. The system is of great help to relieve the traffic congestion in Hangzhou city.
中国画
中国画线条简单，却能给人无限的想象空间。所以中国人看画，事实上是在心里作画。也许有人会问：中国的山水画家为什么老是喜欢画一些简陋的茅屋，而不画高大的建筑呢?这是因为中国人觉得物质生活是短暂的，人的精神却是永恒的。一个人如果领悟了天地的辽阔，山水的悠久，他还能不察觉自己的渺小，而变得谦虚吗? Chinese painting Chinese painting, though simple in line, inspires a boundless realm of imagination. Therefore, when Chinese people appreciate their painting, they are actually painting in their mind. Some may ask; why do Chinese landscape painters love to paint shabby thatched cottages instead of high buildings? It is because they sense the brevity of physical life but he eternity of the human spirit. If one realizes the boundlessness of heaven and earth and the eternity of mountains and rivers, how could he be otherwise than humble at his own insignificance in the universe?
谦虚
中国人说话总是很客气，这并不是中国人虚伪，而是他们处世做人的一种基本态度---谦虚。 中国人一向不愿跟别人争胜，但是自己一定要怀抱着高远的理想。如果他说没有什么菜，意思是说：不管拿出多少好吃的东西来款待你，仍然不能充分表示对你的尊重和欢迎。在中国的山水画里往往没有人，就是有，也画得很小，只能算点缀。这是中国人对大自然的谦虚， 他把自己融入风景里，而不让风景来陪衬自己。
Chinese people are always humble in conversation. It is not out of deceit, but out of their basic principle for conducting themselves in life: modesty. They don’t often want to contend for the upper hand, but certainly hold lofty ambition within themselves. By saying there is not much to eat, they mean that no matter how much delicious food may be served, it is never enough to show their respect for and hospitability towards you. In Chinese paintings, there are no humans, or if there are any they are merely tiny adornments. It is out of their humility in nature, by blending humans into the scenery instead of highlighting humans above it.
烧菜
烧菜是一种艺术。所以会烧菜的人一定懂得配菜，知道哪几种菜配在一起，颜色鲜明可爱;哪一种菜要加些什么作料才好吃;烧哪些菜要用快火，哪些菜要用慢火。这些事都不简单，全靠厨子的技术和经验;做久了，自然熟能生巧。中国人讲究生活的艺术，如果只有很少的菜钱，他们就特别用些心思，把简单的食物做得味道鲜美，增加生活的乐趣。 Cooking Cooking can be considered an art. A good chef know how to complement material in the dish. He has the knowledge of what ingredients make lovely bright colors, of the spices that make a dish delicious, and of the need for quick heat or slow fire to make dishes taste right. All this is not simple, but is dependent on the technique and experience of the chef, who can only reach perfection after long practice. Chinese people stress the art of living. If they have but little to expend on food, they will pay special attention to the cooking, making delicious dishes out of the simple ingredients that add spice to life.
自强不息
中华文明历来注重自强不息，不断革故鼎新。“天行健，君子以自强不息。”这是中国的一句千年传世格言。中华民族之所以能在5000多年的历史进程中发展壮大，历经挫折而不屈，屡遭坎坷而不馁，靠的就是这样一种发疯图强、坚忍不拔与时俱进的精神。中国人民在克服前进道路上的各种困难中表现出来的顽强毅力，正是这种自强不息精神的生动写照。 Self-improvement Chinese civilization has always emphasized unremitting self-improvement, reform and innovation. An ancient Chinese motto has been handed down to generations for thousands of years, i.e., “As Heaven keeps vigorous through movement, a gentleman should unremittingly practice self-improvement.” Throughout its 5,000-year history, it is thanks to perseverance, determination, stamina and innovation that the Chinese nation has grown after surviving numerous setbacks and adversity. Chinese people’s great tenacity in overcoming difficulties on the road to progress gives expression to their traditional spirit of unremitting self-improvement..
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洛基英语
，
中
国
在
线
英
语
教
育
领
导
品
牌
模拟演练：
1.I should say Henry is _______________(与其说是个作家不如说是)as a reporter.
2.Mr.John is a happy man who_________________(从帮助别人中得到快乐)。
3.The sports meet which was planned to be held last Friday____________________________(最终因天气不好而取消了)。
4.Cancer is ______________(仅次于)heart disease as a cause of death.
5.It is a pity that we should stay at home when we have____________________(这么好的天气)。
答案：
1. not so much a writer
(“与其说，不如说”可以用not so much„as„的结构来表达)
2. derives pleasure from helping others
(“derive from ”意为“从„获得„”，from是介词，所以后面要接动名词。要注意区分“derive„from”和“deprive sb. Of„”后者意为“剥夺某人的„”)
3. was finally called off/cancelled because of the bad weather
(分析题干可知句子的主语为“the sports meet”, which was planned to be held last Friday是修饰它的定语从句，且事情发生在过去，故谓语动词应该用过去时单数。因动词“取消”的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，因此要用被动语态。“取消”的表达法有“call off,cancel”等)
4. second only to.(本题考查be second to的结构，注意不要漏译副词“仅仅”)
5. such fine weather.(such 可以表示“如此，这般”之意，其后可直接跟名词，表强调)
模拟演练：
1. If you won’t agree to our plan,_________________(他们也不会同意)
2. ___________________(正是由于她太没经验)that she does not know how to deal with the situation.
3.The fifth generation computers,with artificial intelligence,_________________(正在研制)and perfected now.
4. He wears a pair of sunglasses__________________(唯恐被别人认出来)
5.Buying clothes________________(是一件很耗时的工作)，because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.
答案：
1. neither will they
(neither 表示“两者都不”也表示考试大“也，也不”的句子，要用部分倒装)
2. It is because she is too inexperienced
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(本题考查句型it is because (that)”表示“正是由于”，因为“没有经验”在句中作表语，所以将其译为形容词形式的“inexperienced”)
3. are being developed
(“be being done”现在进行时的被动语态表示此时此刻某事正在被做，其中动词be应随主语作相应变化)
4. for fear that he should be recognized
(for fear that 意为“唯恐，就怕”其后要用虚拟语气)
5.is often a very time-consuming job
(本题关键在于“耗时”该如何翻译，合成词time-consuming简练而准确)
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