高职院校大学英语四级作文的教学实践研究
【摘 要】与听力和翻译相比，英语写作主观性更强，因此对高职学生而言难度较大。怎样让学生想说，有话可说，用英语正确地说，就成为了高职院校英语教师需要思考的重要问题。
【关键词】高职英语;教学实践;大学英语四级作文
大学英语四级考试是面向全国大学生的英语水平考试，通过英语四级既是绝大多数大学生毕业的必要条件之一，也是用人单位招聘时会考虑的重要因素，其重要性不言而喻。大学英语四级考试基本涵盖了英语的听、说、读、写、译这五个环节。英语写作与听和译相比，属于更主观的创作型环节，因此对高职学生来说存在相当大的难度。本文主要就大学英语四级作文教学对高职英语写作教学的积极意义来进行更深一步的探讨。之所以选择高职院校大学英语四级作文的教学实践作为研究对象，主要是出于以下几个方面的考虑：①通过大学英语四级是笔者所在院校高职商务英语和国际商务专业毕业的必要条件之一。在写作教学中增加大学英语四级写作的教学内容，对学生通过四级考试是很有帮助的。②高职学生英语水平普遍偏低，如果采取英文习作赏析等传统的作文教学方法，难以激起他们对英语写作的学习兴趣，并且大部分学生在理解和掌握英语知识方面存在一些困难，这会加剧学生对英语写作的畏难情绪。③大学四级作文格式简单，一般使用总分总的结构来阐述话题和观点，并且讨论的话题也是日常生活中学生接触较多或者感兴趣的内容，教师讲解相关重难点知识后，大部分学生能很好地掌握，也能做到有话可说，从某种程度上可缓解学生的写作焦虑。接下来本文就高职大学英语四级作文教学提出相关建议，以供教师参考。
一、培养学生思辨和逻辑能力
教师应让学生了解大学英语四级作文的结构组成，让学生能够在分析话题的基础上展开行文布局，理清楚作文的框架结构，这样学生对于英文写作的自信心能一点一点建立起来，思路也会逐渐变得清晰[1]。对于如何进行写作前的框架搭建，锻炼学生的思辨和逻辑能力，降低写作的难度，笔者有以下几点对策：
(一)小组合作学习
针对某个话题，教师可将学生分为讨论小组，让学生集思广益，分析某种现象或者某个问题产生的原因，并且给出一些解决问题的建议和方法。这一过程可以调动学生的积极性，让学生的思维活跃起来，这对提高作文课堂的教学效率有很大帮助。教师要引导学生对分析出来的信息进行分类，根据信息和话题的相关性，把信息按照典型性和重要性以及联系是否紧密这些标准进行排序，为后期写作做好充分准备。
(二)在课堂中引入辩论
学生在习作中常会遇到一些值得探讨的话题，如“大学生应该追求时尚吗?”，“理论学习和实践学习，哪个更重要?”等。教师可以将这些话题作为辩论的主题，让学生自由辩论。在辩论的准备和开展过程中，学生能够更好地参与到活动中，这样能锻炼学生的思辨能力和逻辑能力。
(三)借助思维导图整合材料
通过前两个步骤，学生对于所写话题已经有了充分认识。选择哪个观点，并且用哪些例子来支撑自己的观点，学生对此已经大致心中有数。思维导图可以更好地帮助学生对所准备的材料进行整合，使学生的论述条理更为清楚、更有说服力，这对写作框架的搭建有着非常重要的作用。
二、采用多种实践形式来为写作服务
(一)读写结合，互相促进
教师可以有导向性地给学生推荐一些课外读物来补充他们的知识积累，还可以鼓励他们就某一写作话题进行资料收集，丰富学生的写作素材，提升学生在写作中的思维高度。
(二)多用日常场景展开写作练习
针对一些当下的热门话题，如新能源汽车、自动驾驶的未来、日本倾倒核废料的危害等，教师可以让学生提前收集相关材料，课上进行写作练习。这样生活化的话题既提高了学生对英语写作的兴趣，又促使他们在收集资料的过程中主动学习，为后续的写作打下良好的基础。
三、加强英语知识的学习，夯实语言基础
(一)单词的具体讲解和错误案例
高职学生英语底子大多比较薄弱，在写作中常会出现单词书写错误、短语使用不当等问题。以写作练习中学生出现的两个典型错误为例：
例1：The number of people is raising (rising).
例2：In recent years，as the political and economic statues(status)of China has been greatly enhanced，more and more foreigners begin to learn Chinese.
在以上例子中，正确用法应该是括号中的单词，例1中应使用不及物动词rise的进行时态rising。 rise和raise都有上升的意思，其中后者的意思比前者更为丰富，有抚养(子女)、饲养(动物)、提起等意思，这两个单词最根本的区别是前者是不及物动词，后者是及物动词。例2中学生把这两个形近的单词搞错了，虽然二者都是名词，但statues指雕像、雕塑，而status指地位。学生本意是想表达经济地位(economic status)，因为单词使用错误，导致词不达意。这类错误在高职学生的英语写作中出现的频率相当高。因此在英语单词教学中，教师应加强对单词之间的辨析讲解，并辅以相关练习进行巩固。在巩固知识的基础上，教师还应该重视学生的知识输出，单词学习的最终目标应该是正确地应用单词，而不是仅仅记住这个单词的意思。久而久之，学生的基础知识就会越来越扎实，英语写作的信心也会更强。
(二)语法内容的强化和巩固
关于大学英语四级作文的语法教学，笔者以这段范文为例：Recently， using network language in daily communication has become very popular among the youth. When talking with others， they tend to use some special words， abbreviations or synonyms which are widely acknowledged in the online community.在这段范文中，涉及动名词作主语、完成时、完成时的常用时间状语recently这三个语法知识点。在讲解这个句子的过程中，笔者发现很多学生对于这些语法知识掌握得不是很扎实，对于完成时和定语从句的知识更是一知半解，而这些语法知识是高职英语语法学习的重点。因而，笔者要求学生集体回忆完成时和定语从句的各项知识，包括常见的完成时时间状语、定语从句和非限制性定语从句等，掌握这些重点语法知识。文段中还涉及到了“when talking with others”在句子中作时间状语的用法，当主句与从句的主语一致，且从句主语后接be动词时，可以把从句的主语和be动词一起省略，其完整表达应为“when they are talking with others”。经过教师的详细讲解，学生彻底理解了这一省略原则。
语法是高职学生在英语写作中的薄弱环节，因此针对学生在写作练习中出现的语法问题，教师应帮助学生查漏补缺，不断夯实学生的语法知识，以此来提高学生的写作能力。对于学生经常会犯的某一类语法错误，教师也可以让学生有针对性地进行改错练习，在练习中不断巩固所学知识。
(三)运用万能句型
大学英语四级写作中，一些经典句型能大大缓解学生的英语写作焦虑。能为高职学生英语写作搭起一个个小小的支架[2]，进一步降低英文写作的难度。
这些万能句型包括描述、揭示图画信息的句型，引出及解读名言谚语的句型，提出现象的句型，表达不同观点的句型，分析原因的句型，引出优缺点的句型，提出建议和解决方法的句型，引出个人观点的句型，等等。这些都为学生的写作提供了一些比较好的句型素材。教师应该要求学生反复朗读和背诵这些句型，并在写作中合理使用。
四、革新評价方法
传统的英文作文评价比较侧重于语法、句型等，更多的还是从语言的准确性和多样性出发，当然，这些内容依然需要强调，但是否有深刻的见解也应该作为评判标准之一。因此，教师应该引入新的评价方法——师生共评[3]。可以让学生更多地参与到写作的评价过程中，促使学生更加积极地学习怎样准确得体地用词，主动思考，这也有利于激发他们的写作热情，增强学生写作的自信心，使其享受写作的过程，最终提高写作能力。
实践证明，大学英语四级作文教学对高职英语写作教学是有着一定的积极意义的。在这一过程中，学生掌握了英文写作的基本方法，能够有效地缓解其英语写作焦虑，有利于增强学生英语学习的信心。“师生共评”的评价方法也能调动学生在英语写作过程中的积极性，让学生更好地享受英文写作的过程。
【参考文献】
[1]郭俊.高职高专英语写作教学中学生思辨能力的培养[J].连云港职业技术学院学报，2013(2).
[2]庞晓宁.支架式教学模式在高职英语教学中的应用[J].兰州教育学院学报，2014(7).
[3]梅士宏.高职英文写作“师生共评”教学策略探讨[J].黑河学刊，2015(6).
【作者简介】
谈丽(1984～)，女，汉族，江苏无锡人，硕士，讲师。研究方向：英语教育。
作者：谈丽
(一)段首句
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.2. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.3. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。
Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______.4. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.5. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……
People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them, _____.6 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.7. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
8. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
(二)中间段落句
1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。
On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time，they say____.2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。But I don’t think it is a very good way to solve ____. For example，____.Worst of all，___.4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，
Confronted with______，we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing，______For another，______6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition, _____.All these measures will certainly______.8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下：I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
(三)结尾句
1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ____.3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____, while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。With the development of society, ______.So it’s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.6. 至于我(对我来说，就我而言)，我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to_____. Only in this way can you _____.8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. However,
from a personal point of view, I realize______.9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____.
议论文(正反观点类)
Some are in favor of….. They say…..
However, others are against this idea, saying….
In my opinion,…..
(各抒己见类)
It’s necessary to do sth. .On one hand,….; on the other hand…..
As students, I think(hold the view )that….
(优缺点对比类)
Some agree. They hold the idea that….. But the disadvantage is that…..; others choose to do…..
What’s more,……
But there are disadvantages. …..
From my point of view, I agree with the second view.
常用于发表观点和看法的问题
⑴There is no doubt that…
⑵In general/Generally speaking
⑶The chief reason why ______is that________
⑷It’s reported that
⑸It’s hoped /believed that___
⑹As is know,___
⑺We must recognize that______(=It must be admitted that……)
⑻We have reason to believe that_____
⑼Every coin has two sides
⑽No one can deny the fact that _______
⑾I’m convinced that______
⑿As I’ve just mentioned,
⒀Hardly do I think it possible to get success without cooperation and competition. 说明文开头语
⑴With the development of agriculture and industry / science and technology/population, ______
⑵With the rapid growth of our economy,……
⑶With the reform and open policy being carried out,…..
(4)As a proverb says,….(=As the saying goes,……)
(5)It’s quite clear (obvious) that___
(6)It’s well known that______
As is known to us,______________
What’s known to us is that……..
(7)In recent years, more and more people begin to …..
.
结束语：
⑴In a word ,All in all , in short
⑵From the above we can draw a conclusion that____
⑶So there is no doubt that ____
⑷It goes without saying that __________
⑸Personally/in my opinion,
记叙文表达顺序:
Who, what, when, where, how, why
Remember:图表中对比议论文常用词组或句子:Opinions are divided.
However,…On the contrary相反
Some students think otherwise
时间比例:
Sb. put 2 hours into doing ….
Doing sth. takes up 2 hours…
2 hours go into doing sth.
2 hours are taken up with doing sth.
百分比表达:
50% of the students prefer to watch TV.Another 20% are fond of doing sports
Still others are interested in helping with the housework
The rest of 5% of them= the remaining 5% are in favor of doing sth. Else
The people who drive made up 34% of the total.
The number of the people drive to work takes up 34%.
Most of the people drive to work, which takes up 34%.
表上升: the number of mobile-phones is rising/ increasing/ going up/ on the rise
is jumping to 70% /has increased by 20%
表下降: the number of the private cars is reducing/ decreasing/ declining/ on the fall.
表目的: in order to get there on time= so as to do…/= in an attempt to do sth..
=with the purpose of doing sth./ =in the hope of doing sth.
常用插入语:
To begin with, to tell the truth, In general/Generally speaking
表举例:
For example/ For instance/Take sth./sb. for example.That is to say,….. / in other words,开放作文第一段开头句:
In the picture we can see,…
As we can see in the picture,….(=As is shown in the picture,….)
开放作文第二段开头句:
This picture has profound significance in our daily life ,which indicates a tendency that____.The picture tries to tell us that….
The picture tries to convey to us the significance of protecting our environment. The picture vividly shows the seriousness of the traffic problem.
The picture vividly reflects a common social phenomenon.
It reminds me of a common phenomenon in ….
I think a lot can be learned from the picture.
The picture conveys a message that the success of a project depends on each individual step.
开放作文第三段开头句:
In my opinion,…From my point of view…….As for me,…..
教育与学习
1. global communication.
2. 3. to learn foreign languages which can advance the development of culture communication,
4. 5. 6. homework and high expectation.
7.8.As we all know, we have 9.practical approach and hit the target eventually.
10. It’s no accident that quite a few people achieve their goals and stand apart from
the rest, their success lies in their perseverance and diligence.
11. We should have a high aim in life.
12. Too much complaint can not make any difference, positive energy and high aspiration lead to excellence.
13. It’s necessary for us to perform advantage and avoid shortcoming.
14 …can enrich our knowledge and broaden(widen) our horizon
15. As far as I know/I’m concerned/As I see it/From my point of view
16. I absolutely agree that/I’m firmly believed that/I’m concerned that, studying is not a task completed for teachers or parents, it should be regarded as a treasure (which brings us precious experience and useful knowledge) contributing to a better command/knowledge/master of certain subjects.
16. We should seize every opportunity to accumulate the useful knowledge contributing to our success in the future.
竞争与合作
1. ’t imagine how world will be turned into.
2. 3. 4. 5. It’manage to inspire me and decrease the loads on my shoulders.
6. It’exam and get rid of the difficulties easily, without which I would have failed many times.
7. The misunderstanding has existed for a long time until I meaningful activity.
8. It’s our duty to help the parents return for their lives.
环境与健康
student will be healthy enough to get rid of the disease. being polluted.
3.We the environment and attach the importance to the conservation.
…. life.
成功与失败
1. Talent may determine whether we can succeed, but great efforts which we make help us win.
2. of the most essential competence which we call for.
3. personal development.
4. Shortcoming can’
关爱老人与和谐社会
Feel lonely due to the fact that ------
Devote all their energy to bringing us up (children’s growth)
With no child around (by their side, accompanying them), they suffer a lot from loneliness.bring up sb. with difficulty
shown concern for sb.feel relieved
do sth. for them as a reward of their love
reward your parents, pay back their love
be filled with both pride and a sense of loss
live in harmony with society
Only in this way can our society become more harmonious.
英语作文常用句式
1.表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this. 2)The reasons for this are as follows. 3)The reason for this is obvious. 4)The reason for this is not far to seek. 5)The reason for this is that„„
6)We have good reason to believe that„„
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly, people’s living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly，most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not least, more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 2.表示好处
1)It has the following advantages. 2)It does us a lot of good. 3)It benefits us quite a lot. 4)It is beneficial to us. 5)It is of great benefit to us. 例如：
Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us. 3.表示坏处
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2)It does us much harm. 3)It is harmful to us. 例如：
However, everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television. 4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible)for sb. to do sth. 2)We think it necessary to do sth. 3)It plays an important role in our life. Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business. Soon, computers will be found in every home, too. We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age. 5.表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures. 2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties. 3)We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with. The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious. Therefore, we must take some effective measures to solve it. 6.表示变化 1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years. 2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications. 3)The computer has brought about many changes in education. Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years. The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays, more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein, and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins. 7.表示事实、现状
1)We cannot ignore the fact that„„ 2)No one can deny the fact that„„ 3)There is no denying the fact that„„
4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5)However, that’s not the case. We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution. To solve these problems, we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution. The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment. 8.表示比较
1)Compared with A，B„„
2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 3)There is a striking contrast between them. Compared with cars, bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly, they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly, they do not cause the pollution problem. Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise. 9.表示数量
1)It has increased(decreased)from„„to„„
2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000. 3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January. With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased. From the graph listed above, it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000. 10.表示看法
1)People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth. 2)People have different opinions on this problem. 3)People take different views of(on)the question. 4)Some people believe that„„Others argue that„„
People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor. However, others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers. 11.表示结论
1)In short，it can be said that „„
2)It may be briefly summed up as follows. 3)From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that „„ 例如： From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary, however, its method should be improved. 12.套语
1)It’s well known to us that „„ 2)As is known to us, „„
3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about. 4)From the graph(table, chart)listed above, it can be seen that „„ 5)As a proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way. As is well known to us, it is important for the students to know the world outside campus. The reason for this is obvious. Nowadays, the society is changing and developing rapidly, and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower”. As college students, we must get in touch with the world outside the campus. Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate. 图表类作文常用句式
The table shows (indicates) that a great number of people spent their holidays traveling abroad. As we can see from the graph, the rate dropped slightly from 38% in 1993 to 31% in 2003.„ From the table we can find out that only 35% of the people have taken in physical activities.„The number of...is equal to that of... It doubled the number of last year. It is clear from the chart that as incomes increase people can afford to live more comfortably and eat well. 图表作文模板
As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table (graph/picture/pie/chart), _作文题目的议题_has been on rise (goes up/increases/drops/decreases, significantly/dramatically/ steadily rising/decreasing) from_% in _年_ to _% in _年_. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that __现象总结___. There are at least two good reasons accounting for __. On the one hand, ____. On the other hand, ___ is due to the fact that __.In addition, __ is responsible for ___. (Maybe there are some other reasons to show ______.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.) As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. 再加上对策、口号。( It’s high time that + 一般过去时)
英语写作模板
模板一：直陈观点，以例佐证
观点：More haste, less speed. Before moving to the next step, one needs a practical consideration on what he has already achieved. (欲速则不达)
From my point of view, we should do everything step by step. One often fails without good preparation. Take English study for example. Just as Rome was not built in one day, it takes one year’s practice to have a good command of the language. If we do not learn from spelling correct words and writing acceptable sentences, we are never able to write a good composition. And without practicing oral English a lot, we can never speak English fluently. If we don’t read and listen a lot and do a lot of efficient exercises, we can not pass English tests. In short, we should have a good foundation if we want to make great achievements in our studies and work or in other things as well. 模板二：呈现看法，分说原由
观点：Honesty is the best policy.(诚实为上)
It is true that most of us value honesty highly. Personally I agree that honesty is the best policy. As we know, if one is honest, other people will deeply respect him or her, and are willing to make friends with him or her. In addition, being honest can make people’s life easier and more harmonious. There are a lot of examples to support the argument. For example, consumers will not be afraid of being overcharged if dealers are honest. For another example, Singapore is a trustworthy society and has a very low criminal rate. There is no doubt that being honest is of benefit to both the state and the individual. We should have the spirit of honesty. 模板三：先抑后扬，肯定观点
现象：Should the students have the sense of competition?(是否应该培养学生的竞争意识) There are two opposite opinions about competition. Some people think little of it, believing it will do harm to the relationship between people. Besides, some people don’t want to try hard to succeed so that they can find an excuse of their failure. From my point of view, we should try to encourage students to have the sense of competition because there exists great competition in our modern world. Having the sense of it will certainly be important for students to develop after they leave school. However, we should guide our students to have a correct sense of it, getting them to know that they only have opponents but not enemies. We should also teach our students not to be afraid of failure because everyone may meet it more or less. Instead, try to face to and overcome it. 模板四：先扬后抑，否定观点
现象：Can “lucky numbers” bring good luck?(吉祥数字能带来好运吗?)
In the eyes of some people, lucky numbers can bring them good luck. They think so highly of lucky numbers that they even spend a lot of money to buy lucky numbers. Many other people hold different ideas about lucky numbers. They think there are no lucky numbers at all. Numbers and luck are two different things. So far as I’m concerned, I agree with the latter. Obviously, such belief is only a kind of superstition. Perhaps it holds true for some cases, but often it does not. Numbers can never bring good luck to a person at all and our luck is in our own hands. Therefore, everyone can have good luck only if he tries his best. Let’s always remember “Opportunities are only for the prepared mind” and “No pains, no gains”. 模板五：确定主题，分步解说
主题：Reduce waste on campus(减少校园浪费)
It is certain that the problem of waste is becoming more and more serious on campus and it’s time for us to reduce it. For one reason, we have already wasted a lot of precious resources such as water and electricity. For another, our waste adds our parents and the society a burden. However, some are still puzzled how to reduce waste on campus. Here are some suggestions. To begin with, we should turn off the light when we leave dorms or classrooms so as to save electricity as much as possible. Secondly, we should not spend too much money. Thirdly, we should stop wasting water when we bath, or clean faces, or wash clothes or dishes. Actually, there are different solutions according to different situations. Therefore, I firmly believe that we can reduce the waste on campus with our efforts. 模板六：名谚开篇，烘托观点
观点：Failure is the mother of success. (失败是成功之母)
People often say, “Failure is the mother of success.” There is hardly any success won without failure. A painter may throw many unsuccessful drawings before he finally makes a satisfactory one. A doctor may try many times before he finds the effective treatment for a strange disease. A scientist may make hundreds of experiments before he obtains the data he needs. In other words, the painter, the doctor and the scientist have failed time and again before they succeed in the end. From the above examples, we can conclude that failures are very common. We can get some helpful experiences from them and learn little by little what is the right way to our goal. It seems that failures are the steps in the mountain paths leading up to the peak where success lies. You have to climb the steps in order to reach the top. We should all take a positive attitude to failures and keep on working hard so as to meet with the final success in our studies and careers. 模板七：实证调研，数据为先
现象：Cell phones in China(手机在中国)
As a survey shows, cell phones are becoming more and more popular in China. In 2001, the number of cell phones was 85,260,000; in 2002, the number was 180,000,000; in 2003, 206,600,000; in 2004, 269,000,000; while in 2005, the number went up to 315,000,000. From these numbers, we can see the increasing use of cell phones. There are many reasons for this development. Firstly, cell phones are very convenient to be carried everywhere. Secondly, cell phones can make us get news, play games, listen to music and chat through sending short messages. Thirdly, the drop of price, including the phone price and the communication price, has made it possible for an average person to buy one and make more use of it. 模板八： 正反观点，各圆己见
话题：Wealth or health, which is more important?(金钱与健康哪一个更重要?)
Some think that wealth means everything. In their eyes, they can have everything done with enough money. Some of them take risky chances to make money only with the result that they get neither wealth nor health. Actually, health is more important than wealth. Health is the foundation of one’s success If one gets sick, it is nearly impossible for him to do his work well. On the other hand, a person suffering from illness, in fact, cannot get any wealth: for one thing, I order to cure his illness, he has to spend a lot of money on the medical treatment; for another, if he is ill, he can never truly enjoy his wealth. So, if you want to become wealthy, keep good health. Health is the source of energy and it’s the starting point where everything begins. Therefore, you should exercise every day with proper diet, forming good living habits and trying to avoid any minor disease.
固定表达
1. Different people have different opinions on this question. Some people believe that ------- while others argue that------
2. I personally think that------
From my point of view-------
As far as I am concerned-------
It is my belief that-------
It is obvious/clear/ that -----
I am greatly convinced that -------
3.It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours
4. I t can’t be denied / There is no denying that----------
5. Why not take his advice? Why don’t you take his advice?
6.You might as well stay with us(不妨做----).//You may well turn down his invitation.(大有理由做---)
7. It seems that taking a part-time job would make sense in your situation.
8. It would be a good idea for you to find a pen-friend in English-speaking countries.
It would be a good idea if you could find-------
9. In my personal opinion, it would be wise of you to take immediate action.
10 I am writing to ask you for some advice on how to learn English.
11. I would appreciate it if you could offer me some advice on such a matter.
12. I think I am the right person for the job you advertised.
13. The answer to this question lies in the fact that rivers are being seriously polluted.
14. It is important /necessary/difficult/convenient/possible for sb to do sth---
15. It plays an increasingly important part/ role in our life.
16. It is (high) time for sb to do sth --- It is high time that sb should do sth / sb did sth---
17 .Its advantages can be listed as follows. / I t has the following advantages.
18. It benefits us quite a lot. / It is of great benefit to us. / We can benefit greatly from it.
19. It is a waste of time playing computers games.
20 It brings more harm than good to us.
21. It has a bad/ good effect on the health of the old
22. I can’t get my point across.
23 His behavior deeply troubled me. / I was deeply troubled by his behavior.
24. Recently the problem has been brought into focus.25. I seem not to be able to fit in well with others here.
一些俗语
26. A man is known by the company he keeps.
27. All things come to those who wait.
28. Bad news has wings.
29. A good beginning makes a good ending.
30. Every dog has his day.
31. God helps those who help themselves.
32. He laughs best who laughs last.
33. Health is better than wealth.
34. Many hands make light work.
35. Never do thing by halves.
36. One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
37. Opportunity knocks only once.
38. Practice makes perfect.
39. Rome was not built in a day.
40. Time and tide wait for no man.
41. There in no smoke without fire.
42. The early bird catches the worm.
43. Time lost can not be won again
44. Where there is a will, there is a way.
45. A man becomes learned by asking questions.
46. Actions speak louder than words.
47. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
48 .Every man has his faults.
49. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
50. Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.
51. Blood is thicker than water.
52. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.
53. The first blow is half the battle.
54. True love is giving, not taking.
55. Don’t teach fish to swim.
56. Better late than never.
57 .A friend in need is a friend indeed.
连接词
A.平行、对等：and, both---and, as well as, neither---nor, not only---but also
B转折：but, yet, however, in spite of, although, otherwise, while
C.对比：on the contrary, instead of, on the other hand, just like, unlike
D.因果：so, for, therefore, as a result, because of, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of
E.时间、顺序shortly after--, first/ second--, then, next, finally, for one
thing---for another , in the end, eventually
F.递进、强调besides, furthermore, what’s more, in addition, moreover, worse still, to make matters worse ,first of
all, above all
G.结论in short, in brief, in a word, in general, as you know, as far as I know, on the whole ,in conclusion
以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1-2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
1.表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.
2)The reasons for this are as follows.
3)The reason for this is obvious.
4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
5)The reason for this is that...
6)We have good reason to believe that...
例如：
There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2.表示好处
1)It has the following advantages.
2)It does us a lot of good.
3)It benefits us quite a lot.
4)It is beneficial to us.
5)It is of great benefit to us.
例如：
Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3.表示坏处
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2)It does us much harm.
3)It is harmful to us.
例如：
However，everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.
4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary，difficult，convenient， possible)for sb.to do sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth.
3)It plays an important role in our life.
例如：
Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be found in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5.表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.
2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
例如：
The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.
6.表示变化
1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.
3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.
例如：
Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
7.表示事实、现状
1)We cannot ignore the fact that...
2)No one can deny the fact that...
3)There is no denying the fact that...
4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
5)However，that’s not the case.
例如：
We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
8.表示比较
1)Compared with A，B...
2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
3)There is a striking contrast between them.
例如：
Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise.
9.表示数量
1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...
2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000.
3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.
例如：
With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.
再如：
From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 2008 to 20 hours in 2009.
.
作文常用句型
1. 开头部分
1). 引出话题(TOPIC)
Recently, TOPIC has been brought into focus.最近。某话题已经成为焦点。
In recent years, TOPIC has become a hot topic both on and off campus.最近，某话题成了一个校园内外的热点话题。
These days, we often hear about TOPIC.这些天来，我们经常听到关于某话题的消息。
Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to TOPIC.如同一个硬币有两面一样，某话题也有其积极和消极的两个方面。
Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed topic to many families that TOPIC.现在许多家庭对某话题讨论得很热烈。
TOPIC has aroused much public concern in China.某话题已经引起了中国公众的关注。
A common ground has been reached that TOPIC.关于某话题，已经达成了共识。
When it comes to TOPIC, some think/hold/believe…对于某话题，一些人认为…
2). 提出观点 (ARGUMENT)
In my opinion / personally, ARGUMENT.(我认为，论点。)
From my point of view, I think/ believe/ hold ARGUMENT.(从我的观点出发，我认为/相信/持论点。)
My view is that ARGUMENT.(我的看法是论点。)
I cannot agree more with ARGUMENT.(我非常同意论点。)
As far as I am concerned, I would prefer to ARGUMENT.(就我而言，我更愿意论点。)
2. 主体部分
1). 给出多条理由
First(ly) , … Second(ly), … Third(ly), … Last(ly), …第一点，理由1，…;第二点，理由2，…;第三点，理由3，…;最后，…
The first and most important reason is that …首先一个最重要的理由是… To begin with, …首先，理由 (经常用于给出第一条理由) First of all, …首先，理由 (经常用于给出第一条理由) On the other hand…另一方面，理由(经常用于在给出一条理由后，给出其他的理由)
Another equally important aspect is …另一个同样重要的方面是…(经常用于在给出一条理由后，给出其他的理由)
For one thing…, for another…一方面…，另一方面…(给出两条理由) Last but not least, …最后但也很重要，… (经常用于给出最后一条理由)
2). 举例子
For example (instance), …例如，…
… such as A, B, C and so on.如A, B, C 等等
A good case in point is …一个相关的很好的例子是…
Let’s take … as an example, …让我们以…为例，…
3. 结尾部分
In summary, …总结说来，…
In short, …概括说来，…
To sum up, …总结全文，…
In conclusion, …得出的结论是…
All in all…总而言之…
On the whole, …总体说来，…
In a word, …一言以蔽之，…
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that …根据上面的讨论，我们就可以得出结论…
Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that …考虑了这些所有的因素，我们可以得出结论…
We can conclude from the foregoing reasons and examples that…
从上述理由和例子，我们可以推断出…
Now, after close examination, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that…现在经过了仔细研究之后，就不难得出结论…
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