2019年中考英语作文

2022-06-03 版权声明 我要投稿

第1篇:2019年中考英语作文

基于计量史学的2019年中考历史试题的呈现及对策

随着新课程改革的深入开展,中考历史命题越来越借助于史学研究的前沿成果作为媒介,考查学生的学科能力和核心素养,实现考试的甄别功效,其中计量史学在中考历史试题中有所呈现,成为近年来中考历史命题的一大亮点。笔者结合2019年各地中考历史试题,尝试探讨计量史学的内涵以及如何应答。不当之处,还请方家批评指正。

一、计量史学的内涵

计量史学是运用数学中的统计方法对历史资料进行定量分析。定量分析侧重于研究事物的数与量关系,定性分析主要研究事物的性质,过于注重事物道德与价值的评判,从而忽视了量的分析与研究。

在史学研究中,注重对事物量的研究,自古已有。《汉书·食货志》中, 详尽记载了大量的数字资料,比如“今农夫五口之家,其服役者不下二人,其能耕者不过百亩,百亩之收不过百石。……古者税民不过什一……”。但是,作为一门科学的方法论,“计量史学”是伴随着近现代科技和社会经济发展而兴起的,历史学家们将信息和数学理论加上计算机技术应用到史学研究领域,通过处理资料和制作数理模型等手段进行历史研究的方法称为“计量史学”。

计量史学的程序包括:搜集数据资料;整理数据资料;建立数学模型;验证理论;预测未来和制订政策。具有如下特点:研究对象:由一般个体扩展到群体;用数据说话,说服力更精准科学;以数学表达,语言更精炼;由定量到定性的结合更精当。计量史学的研究范围包括:政治史、经济史、思想文化史、社会生活史等各个方面。

马克思指出:“只有成功地运用数学时,科学才算达到真正完善的境地。”计量史学的出现赋予历史学科以现代科学性, 使之获得新的活力。计量史学在史学研究中有着其它研究方法无法替代的作用,它的基本功能大致有下列几个方面:1.为研究对象的定性提供数量根据。通过分析量与质的辨证统一,进而揭示事物内在规律性联系,提供历史发展的真实情况。2.以其准确性提出问题, 用清晰而不模棱两可的语言来描述历史发展过程。3.电子计算机在史学领城的使用是现代科学技术与史学研究结合的表现,使计量史学具有现代意义。

所以计量史学作为一种新的考查方法,迅速受到中考历史命题者的青睐,应用越来越广泛。下表是2019年各地中考历史试题中计量史学的运用情况:(不完全统计)

从上表中可以看出,计量史学研究方法在2019年中考中的考查呈现出数量越来越多、力度越来越大的趋势!实际上这类题的得分率与命题者的期望值普遍有差距!因此,非常有必要对计量史学在中考中的应用做一个专项的研究和总结,这里我以2019年各地历史中考试题为例,说明计量史学在中考中的应用,期望能够引起老师和同学们的重视与关注。

二、试题举例及其解答方法

1.饼状图

饼状图是用圆周内扇形面积大小表示某一数值大小及其变化的一种平面图形,有二维、三维图两种。饼状图能够直接以图形的方式直接显示各个组成部分所占比例,更为重要的是,由于采用图形的方式,更加形象直观。但需要注意的是饼状图内显示的是相对数值而不是绝对数值,也就是说饼状图无法看出总量变化。

做此类题目时,先看图例所代表的内容,整个图表的构成部分内涵,通过各个组成部分在整图中的占比情况来分析蕴含的变化,并运用所学知识进而联系问题进行分析,解答问题。

例1:(四川宜宾·8)下图反映了20世纪中叶到90年代初美、日、西欧在世界工业生产中所占比重(%)的变化,对此解读正确的是(   )

A.日本工业发展速度超过欧美

B.世界多极化的格局已经形成

C.西欧始终占据工业主导地位

D.美国工业生产能力大幅下降

【试题解析】本题体现了计量史学研究方法与世界现代经济史的结合,经济史也是计量史学在中考中应用的最多的领域。从定量分析来看,观察三幅图,日本比重由1.6%到9.5%再到18.2%,比重越来越大;西欧比重由20.86%到28.8%再到37%,比重越来越大;而其他地区比重由29%到23.87%再到11.5%,比重越来越小;美国比重由48.6%到37.83%再到33.3%,比重越來越小。从定性看,西欧、日本利用外部援助、科技革命、制定经济政策等,经济逐渐好转;而美国经历了五六十年代的繁荣后,七八十年代经济发展速度放缓,可以说美国工业生产能力大幅下降,故D正确。

2.柱状图

柱状图是一种以长方形的长度为变量的表达图形的历史统计报告图,由一系列高度不等的纵向条纹表示数据分布的情况,用来比较两个或以上的价值(不同时间或者不同条件),只有一个变量,通常利用于较小的数据集分析,也可用来反映事物发展的规律。柱状图亦可横向排列,或用多维方式表达。

解答柱状图的步骤是先读图,判断数据变化情况,核实信息内容,通过柱状图材料所展现的数据变化,判断材料所蕴含的信息。结合所学知识探究题目的问题,按照问题的要求作答,全面提取分析数据材料所蕴含的信息。

例2:(苏州·6)阅读下图《1838~1852年英国制造品输华值》(严中平《中国近代经济史》)。对图表信息解读正确的是(   )

A.鸦片战争后英国对华商品输出持续增长

B.五口通商便利了英国对中国的商品输出

C.英国发动两次鸦片战争占领了中国市场

D.中国的民族资本抵制了英国的商品倾销

【试题解析】本题体现了计量史学研究方法与中国近代经济史的结合。从定量分析来看,观察上图,英国制造品输入中国的年平均数在1843~1847年增加,而到了1848~1852年下降了,等于先高后低,故A项错误。从定性看,联系所学知识,1842年《南京条约》签订,中国被迫开放五处通商口岸,便利了列强对华的商品输出,导致外国商品大量涌入,因此只有选项B符合题意,故选B;但很快就降下来的根本原因应该取决于中国的经济为自给自足的自然经济。

例3:(安徽·4)图2是中国棉纺织业布机数(1912-1921年)和机制面粉业年产量(1913-1921年)柱状图。该图反映了(   )

A.列强加大对中国的商品倾销

B.中国近代民族工业开始起步

C.中国重工业获得了初步发展

D.民族工业获得快速发展良机

【试题解析】本题体现了计量史学研究方法与经济史的结合。从定量看,从数据上看,材料反映的是1912-1921年中国棉纺织业布机数和机制面粉业年产量都呈增长趋势。从定性看,1911年辛亥革命的成功,冲击了封建制度,促进了中国民族资本主义工业的发展;海外华侨竞相投资国内近代企业;第一次世界大战期间(1914~1918年),帝国主义国家忙于战争,暂时放松了对中国经济的掠夺,中国民族工业得到了较快发展,进入“黄金时代”。所以该图反映了民族工业获得快速发展良机,故选D。

3.折线图

折线图是利用曲线的升降起伏变化来反映历史事物在不同时期的发展水平及发展规律的统计图。折线图可以显示随时间(根据常用比例设置)而变化的连续数据,因此非常适用于显示在相等时间间隔下数据的趋势。它非常直接、直观地反映历史发展轨迹和基本趋势图,和表格类图表题一样减少了不必要的繁琐的文字叙述并容纳了大量的历史信息,常被命题者应用到试题中,值得重视。

解答折线图要考虑到每一个区间内折线的变化,去猜测、判别背后所蕴含的信息,再联系所学知识进行分析。

例4:(河北·15)对下图中甲、乙线及导致甲、乙线数据变化原因的判断,都正确的是(   )

英国棉手织工场工人和棉纺织厂工人人数统计图(单位:千人)

A. 甲线是对棉手织工场工人人数的统计;甲、乙线数据变化的原因是工业革命

B. 乙线是对棉手织工场工人人数的统计;甲、乙线数据变化的原因是第二次工业革命

C. 甲线是对棉纺织厂工人人数的统计;甲、乙线数据变化的原因是工业革命

D. 乙线是对棉纺织厂工人人数的统计;甲、乙线数据变化的原因是第二次工业革命

【试题解析】本题体现了计量史学的研究方法与工业革命的结合。从定量看,依据题干图表信息可知,甲线显示从1806年到1866年工人数量一直增长,乙线显示从1826年到1866年工人数持续下降。那么再结合我们的所学知识可以进行定性分析,结合图中“英国”“1806年到1866年”,此时英国发生了工业革命,19世纪中期,工业革命完成,工厂形式的机器大生产代替了手工工场生产,棉手织工场工人人数下降,故甲线是对棉纺织厂工人人数的统计,甲、乙线数据变化的原因是工业革命,故C符合题意。

4.表格法

历史表格用准确的数据能够反映不同历史区间的同一领域的变化。历史表格具有文字量少、历史信息大等特点,受到了中考历史命题者的青睐,在各地中考历史试题大量应用。

解答表格题要先看表头,有哪些项目名称,然后再看各个组成部分的关系,再注意各个数据之间的变化关系,继而依据各个关系判断历史事物的变化背景、特征等,得到我们所需的信息。

例5:(苏州·20)计量统计分析是历史研究的一种重要方法,根据下表信息,下列选项中对列强实力变化原因的分析正确的是(   )

A.美、德实力变化主要是得益于第二次工业革命

B.英、法实力变化是因为两国工业跨越式的发展

C.美、德实力变化是因为两国最早成为工业国家

D.英、法实力变化是因为两国开展工业革命较晚

【试题解析】本题体现了计量史学的研究方法与世界近代经济史的结合。从定量看,材料中,在19世纪中期,英国的工业产值排名第一,美国和德国的工业产值分别排名第三和第四,然而在1870-1913年期間,即第二次工业革命期间,英国的工业产值排名第三,美国和德国的工业产值分别排名第一和第二。从定性看,20世纪初美、德经济实力跃居世界第一、二,超过了老牌帝国英国、法国,主要原因是第二次工业革命中英国不再是一枝独秀,几个主要的资本主义国家同乎同时进行了第二次工业革命,其中美国和德国在科学技术领域处于领先地位,一些主要的发明都是由美国和德国的科学家完成的,故A符合题意;英、法实力变化是因为两国工业跨越式的发展、美、德实力变化是因为两国最早成为工业国家、英、法实力变化是因为两国开展工业革命较晚表述错误,故BCD不合题意。故此题选A。

三、计量史学试题的应对策略

计量史学试题呈现具有直观性、变化性和对比性、时间性,便于精确地考查学生的分析能力,在中考历史试题中被大量运用。做好这类试题,通常要掌握一定的做题技巧,在备考复习中通常让学生按照如下程序做题:第一、阅读主题,主题是整个试题的灵魂,数据图表材料就是围绕它呈现的。第二、阅读问题,带着问题看图表,其中要注意主题,看看是否有时间限制,图表上每一个数据文字都不能放过。其中数据注意大小变化,饼状图注意各项数据的比例关系,柱状图注意高低变化,曲线图注意与时间联系反映的高低起伏。第三、提取问题需要的有效信息,然后运用唯物史观的逻辑认识方法,根据问题的需要,对数据信息进行分析、判断、探究,完成获取和解读信息问题、调动和运用知识问题、描述和阐释事物问题、论证和探讨问题等不同问题。

计量史学说到底还是一种史学研究方法,在中学历史学习中,我们不能抛开历史知识来单纯地学习史学方法,要把方法和知识有机结合起来。无论是对史学方法,还是对解题方法的学习,都要以知识为载体。

作者:周学平

第2篇:2019年中考满分作文的六大秘诀

文秘助手()之2019年中考满分作文

的六大秘诀

一种体裁

写记叙文,就好好把记叙文复习好。

两个原则

1、真实才能动情。真正能打动读者的,还是那些你亲身经历有真情实感的身边小事;

2、妙语才能煽情。只有风趣幽默,生动活泼的语言才能让读者眼前一亮,读之使人不断点头默叹。

三字要求

1、稳:写好事,力求能够按照记叙文的六要素把事情交代清楚,开头结尾注意点题,结尾处要点明中心,稳定的发挥好自己的写作水平。特别是写作能力较好的同学,不要强求自己必须写出“惊世之作”来,考试作文能够发挥自己80%的写作水平就很了不起了。

2、细:不要像电视剧情介绍那样的简单叙述,中间要加入环境描写、人物外貌、动作、语言、心理描写,能力好的同学再来些远近相衬、动静相映、侧面烘托、环境渲染、五觉描写,是文章细腻、动人。

3、精:对于一般的同学来说,“精”体现在:

(1)选择自己最拿手的内容;

(2)写出自己的字;

(3)采用自己最顺手的结构(总分结构或顺叙方式),力求发挥好自己的水平。

对于写作能力较好的同学来说,“精”应体现在:

(1)选择较有新意的、又是自己有把握写好的内容;

(2)有漂亮的书写;

(3)精心的安排好开头和结尾,适当的采用倒叙、衬托、联想、象征、描写、抒情、以小见大、欲扬先抑、渲染气氛、借景抒情、托物喻志、以物喻人的方法方式结构文章;

(4)采用适当的修辞手法,特别是运用比喻、反复、排比、反问等手法,恰当的运用成语、引用格言名句,增添文采。

四个流程(保住基本分)

1、审清题意:千万注意,题意审不好,来个文不对题,哪就……应该先花2-3分钟看看作文题,然后在开始答基础知识题目。

2、立好中心:至少指导自己想说什么,是喜欢、是厌恶?是感动、是反对?是快乐,是痛苦?是哲理、是深情?是赞扬、是批评?…………用一句话把它写在草稿纸上。

3、选好材料:符合题目要求的、自己最熟悉的、能够写好的事。

4、写好提纲:

(1)用一句话写出中心内容和主题;

(2)分清开头、中间、结尾各写什么?

(3)打好开头、结尾的细稿,以及每段的开头句。

接下来就是在试卷里写作文啦,要力求一气呵成,只要提纲和开头、结尾、段落开头的稿子打得好,一气呵成事不难做到的,思路顺畅了20分钟就可以把作文写好。

五项技巧(赢得感情分)

1、有一个灵活的头脑:造句法、筛选法、换题法。

2、有一张可爱的脸蛋:书写要工整,自己的字能够写多好就必须写多好,不得使用涂改液,不得随意修改,特别是开头、结尾和段落的开头句,不能修改。

3、有一双闪亮的眼睛:好的文题等于成功了一半。参见《话题作文的拟题方法》

4、有一身漂亮的衣装:

(1)一个最拿手的题材(适合自己);

(2)一个好故事(好布料);

(3)一个好结构(好设计);

(4)一口流畅、优美的语言(好花纹、好色彩)。

5、有几件精美的饰品:

(1)倒叙、描写、引用开头(好发型)

(2)结尾:议论反问式、含蓄余味式、赞美抒情式、哲理深思式、名言点睛式、联想做梦式、决心号召式(名鞋);

(3)名言名句名作的恰好点缀(钻石哟);

(4)用景物描写渲染气氛(如梦的纱巾)。

六个大忌(莫丢冤枉分)

一忌潦草涂改:书写要端正,千万别连文题都改,只改明显的错别字,将错就错,能够不改的就不改。

二忌过短过长:字数一定要足,字数不足,写得再好也很难及格;字数不能太多,不要超出试卷中的作文纸,万般无奈之下,也只能在2行以内。

三忌开头议论:还不如开门见山、直接点题开头的好,能来点环境描写,就先来点描写。

四忌分段太少:4-6段为好,千万别少于3段。

五忌文不对题:不说也知道会有什么后果。

六忌选材太俗:别总是玩呀、救落水儿童呀、猫啊狗啊……

七隆重忌一点:千万别把人写死了,也不能把人写成癌症。

第3篇:2015年中考优秀英语作文

一、健康问题(热点)

1. 健康问题是中考常考的话题,出题形式多样,有必要下苦功掌握。

How to keep healthy /fit?

All of us want to be healthy. First, we should get enough sleep during the night. We can go to bed early and get up early. Staying up late is bad for our health. Second, we must have the right kinds of food. We should eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat. We should drink a lot of water.

We should have healthy eating habits. Third, we should do more exercise to build up our bodies. Finally, we should be happy everyday.

Because smile will make us younger. That is my advice. I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life.

2.卫生健康饮食

健康一直是人们关注的问题我校要举行以“关爱健康”为题的主题班会请根据下表内容谈谈你的看法,写一篇80字左右的演讲槁。

(1)保持健康的重要性(2)保持健康的方法(3)保持健康的结论(4) 你的看法?

How to keep healthy /fit?

Here is my advice about how to keep healthy/fit. As a middle school student. first you’d better do more exercise such as playing ball games ,running, Swimming and jumping ropes .Then you should pay attention to your diet or meals.

Don’t eat too much meat or sugar, but more vegetables and fruit.

Third you need enough sleep or rest. Next keep yourself happy. As people often say smiling makes younger. Last you mustn’t drink wine or smoke .They are bad for your health. That is my advice. I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life.

How to keep healthy /fit?

All of us want to be healthy. First, we should get enough sleep during the night. We can go to bed early and get up early. Staying up late is bad for our health. Second, we must have the right kinds of food. We should eat fruit and vegetables and less meat. We should drink a lot of water. We should have healthy eating habits. Third, we should do more exercise to build up our bodies. Finally, we should be happy everyday. Because smile will make us younger.

That is my advice. I hope you are healthy and enjoy your life.

二、关于环境保护问题(热点)

环境保护问题是中考热门话题,出现频率高,难度较大,必须掌握。

1、6月5日是世界环境保护日,我们周围的环境变得越来越糟糕,污染越来越严重。假如你是学生Jone.,你校要进行“如何保护我们的环境?”专题演讲比赛,要求: (1)举例说明环境存在的问题1—3方面;(2)如何保护好我们的环境,采取怎样的措施,举例1—3方面进行说明,字数80左右。

As we all know the environment around us is getting worse and worse .In some places, we can’t see fish swimming in the river or trees on the hills. Some people even have no clean water to drink. So I think we must do something to protect the environment.

But what can we do? How to protect our environment? For example ,we can go to school on foot or by bike. We can use shopping baskets not plastic bags when we go shopping and we can use both sides of the paper when we write

In a word ,if everyone pays more attention to our environment ,there will be less pollution and our life will be better . “There is only one earth”, I hope everyone will protect our environment well.

What Can We Do for the Environment our environment is becoming worse and worse what can we do for the environment? I think each of us can do a little bit to help with this problem.

The first thing we can do is to use cloth bags instead of plastic bags when we go shopping. It helps to protect the environment. The second thing we can do is to reuse the old textbooks as possible as we can. We should also never forget to turn off the lights when we leave the classrooms in order to save energy. What’s more, it would be better if we walk or ride a bike to school. We should try our best to reduce pollution and waste. In fact, even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment. I believe we can make the world a better place to live in.

3.为了保护地球有限的资源,我们应该采取什么措施呢?请根据下面的提示写一篇约80词的短文,短文开头已经给出。提示词; 1.save water, the source of life, protect drinking water, stop polluting, make full use of it;2.save electricity, crucial, turn off, other electric machines; 3.save forests, useful ,stop cutting down; 4.recycle useful rubbish, save resources

参考作文:

Although the world develops much faster and better, the resources on the earth get fewer and fewer. In order to protect them , something must be done .Save water. Water is the source of life. No water, no life.So it’s very important for us to do so .Not only should we protect drinkingwater and stop polluting it, but also make full use of it. Save electricity. It is crucial. We can’t imagine what the life will be like without It .Everyone should do his best to save electricity. Don’t forget to turn off lights or other electric machines when we finish working. Save forests. They are useful .Please stop cutting them down and use recycled paper instead. Make our world a green one to live in.

2、保护环境 从2008年6月1日起,国家将禁止商家免费提供塑料袋,掀起全国“拒塑”的环保运动。假如你是李华,准备以“What Can We Do for the Environment” 为题,写一篇保护环境的英语演讲稿。

内容包含:(1).在购物时用布袋子替代塑料袋; (2).尽可能地再利用使用过的课本;(3).离开教室应关灯;(4).最好走路或骑自行车上学; (5).简述理由:保护环境,减少污染,节约能源等. 参考词汇:布袋子cloth bag塑料袋plastic bag保护protect能源energy污染pollution课本textbook

What Can We Do for the Environment our environment is becoming worse and worse, what can we do for the environment? I think each of us can do a little bit to help with this problem. The first thing we can do is to use cloth bags instead of plastic bags when we go shopping. It helps to protect the environment. The second thing we can do is to reuse the old textbooks as possible as we can. We should also never forget to turn off the lights when we leave the classrooms in order to save energy. What’s more, it would be better if we walk or ride a bike to school. We should try our best to reduce pollution and waste. In fact, even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment. I believe we can make the world a better place to live in.

3.为了保护地球有限的资源,我们应该采取什么措施呢?请根据下面的提示写一篇约80词的短文,短文开头已经给出。提示词; 1.save water, the source of life, protect drinking water, stop polluting, make full use of it; 2.save electricity, crucial, turn off, other electric machines; 3. save forests, useful ,stop cutting down; 4.recycle useful rubbish, save resources

参考作文:

Although the world develops much faster and better, the resources on the earth get fewer and fewer. In order to protect them ,something must be done. Save water. Water is the source of life. No water, no life. So it’s very important for us to do so .Not only should we protect drinking water and stop polluting it, but also make full use of it. Save electricity. It is crucial. We can’t imagine what the life will be like without it. Everyone should do his best to save electricity. Don’t forget to turn off lights or other electric machines when we finish working. Save forests. They are useful .Please stop cutting them down and use recycled paper instead. Make our world a green one to live in. Recycle useful rubbish. Plenty of rubbish can be recycled like cans , paper, bottles, and so on. We can save resources in this way. I believe we can make the world a better place to live in.

三、语言学习(热点)

这是中考中的老话题,近几年常考,形式多样。例文:请根据以下问题和答案的提示并结合你的实际情况,以“My English Learning”为题写一篇80词左右的英文稿件,要求至少涉及其中的三个问题,并且不能出现你的真实姓名、校名和县名等。提示: When did you start learning English? (in ? /?years ago)How do you learn English? (listen carefully, study with a group, read English every day?) What is difficult to learn? (listening, grammar?) What other helpful ways do you know to learn English well? (watch English movies, sing English songs)

参考作文:

My English Learning

English is one of my best subjects and I started learning English when I was ten years old. But at the very beginning, listening seemed a little difficult for me. So I have been doing a lot of listening practice,such as listening to tapes, watching English TV programs. And I found it really helpful. In fact, there are some more helpful ways to learn English well. For example, I enjoy singing English songs and I want to join an English club or find a pen pal from English-speaking countries. I believe that nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it.

2、假设你叫李华,你的英国笔友Linda为了来中国参观奥运会而报名参加了汉语培训班学习汉语。她最近写信向你询问学习外语的建议。请根据下列提示和你学习英语的体会给Linda写一封回信。

参考作文:

Dear Linda,

I’m very glad that you’ll come to China to watch the Olympic Games. I know it isn’t easy to learn a foreign language, but I have some ideas that may help. Firstly, it’s very important to listen to the teacher carefully in class and make some notes so that you can go over your lessons later. Secondly, try to catch every chance to practice speaking, both in and out of class. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes.Then try to listen and read more in Chinese. What’s more, you’d better plan your time well and study it regularly every day. Above all, you should be confident in yourself and don’t give up whenever you meet with difficulties. I’m sure you will succeed through your hard work. Best wishes and look forward to meeting you in China.

Yours

Li Hua

更多相关信息请访问芒果考试网(http://mangoexam.com/),吾学网(http:///)

第4篇:2018年中考英语作文话题预测

中考在即,如何短时间内提升复习效率,科学分析、合理安排、策略选择很重要。根据历年中考情况分析,作文得分对英语总成绩影响很大,下面为大家整理了2017中考英语作文拿高分技巧: 从审题到衔接到句式每一招都有助考生得分

第一招:审题细心。

审题好比驾驶员打方向,方向对了,哪怕开得慢点,也会顺利到目的地。如果审题不清,书面表达的成绩不知道会有多惨。学生真正开始写作前,必须花相当一部分时间做写前阅读、思考等准备,包含以下四方面:

1)审体裁。根据情景提示首先要弄清写何种体裁文章。2)审结构。明确开始部分、正文部分和结尾部分,定好段落。3)审格式。如日记、便条、书信、通知的格式等。4)审内容。弄清什么必需写,哪些略写,尤其是图画式书面表达,要学会连贯性,读懂图的意思。5)审人称和时态。弄清书面表达要求用何种人称,根据材料确定短文的基本时态。

第二招:衔接流畅。

恰当使用逻辑词语,使各要点间连贯,行文通顺。

比如表并列或递进: and, both…and,neither…nor, not only…but also; 表选择:or, either…or;

表转折或让步:but,although, though, however, even though, in spite of, on the contrary; 表对比:like, unlike, while; 表举例:for example, such as, that’s to say; 表强调:in fact, of course, besides; 表时间顺序:when, after, before,as soon as, soon after ;表因果关系:because, since, as, for, for this reason,as a result; 表结论:in a word, to sum up。 In summary, in conclusion, on the whole; 第三招:短语地道。

如果能多用短语,则可回避书面表达中的中式英语,同时也能减少错误几率。尤其在考试时,如果使用短语,会使文章增加亮点。

第四招:句式丰富。

一篇可读性强的文章,通常能较好体现学生对英语语言结构、词块、句式的运用。因此各类句式的多元呈现往往可以提升书面表达的成绩。 初中阶段英语写作常用的句式如下:There be…;the more…the more…;It’s adj for sb。 to do something;I think/believe/suppose…(宾从); It can’t be put into real experiment。(被动)等。尤其是复合句的适恰运用对提升文章的层次很有帮助。对大多数同学来说,仿写很重要,在教材和很多的阅读书籍中都蕴含着丰富的好词佳句。

第五招:情感真实。

同样的话题,有些文章没什么情感,冷冰冰;有些文章很有温度,有真情实感。情感真实主要可通过如下方法实现:

1)内容的呈现。比如:2012年的中考英语书面表达My dream,大部分的作文都还是停留在表面上。但这个例子:I want to be a good father because my daddy was always so busy when I was a little boy.He had no time with me and my mum…虽然文章的文采并不是很好,但很有真情实感,令读者有心动的感觉,也是好文章。

2)副词的运用。在句子的某些位置,添加副词,可以使句子和文段更有人性味,更有情感性。如:I really enjoy the beauty of the sea in the sun。加了一个really,就有味道了。

第六招:思维多元。

从近五年中考书面表达命题情况看,书面表达话题虽多元,但在设题上基本为半开放形式,因此半控制部分学生需要涵盖题目所给信息并进行适当发挥,而半开放部分,则要求学生根据话题内容、自己的生活阅历、个人思维层次结合自己的英语表述自己的个人看法。有些学生的英语水平比较好,但因为在思维上比较局限想不出比较有深度、宽度和广度的观点,这也会在一定程度上约束书面表达的质量。

第七招:整理独到。

进入八年级以来,在平时写作、单元练习、期中期末考试中,考生已积累了一定量与教材同话题的自己写的英语小短文,建议在临考前的最后阶段把自己八年级以来写的不同话题的文章进行修改,润色、整理、汇编成册,制作一本个性化私人定制的“书面表达秘籍”,以备中考前高效复习用,以不变应万变。

第八招:卷面美观。

1)不做涂改。需要在平时的书面表达中养成简列提纲、打草稿,再誊抄到答题卡的习惯。

2)及时补救。如果对答题卡上的书面表达有修改,建议用斜线划掉相应部分。 3)勤练规范。临考前一个月,以中考答题卡的行距和长度为参照,设计自己字的大小,字的间距,每行的字数,以看起来舒服为准。

2018年中考英语作文话题预测:拯救地球

地球是我们人类共同的家园,人类只有一个地球。“低碳、环保”已成为当今时代主题。目前,我市英语学会准备在全市中学生中开展以“Save(拯救)our earth”为主题的英文征文活动。现请你根据以下三个方面的提示,写一篇80词左右的短文参评。

1.重要性:只有一个地球

2.主要问题:污染、疾病、灾难

3.措施:停止污染、保护大自然

参考词汇:disaster n.灾难 protect V. 保护

注意:(1)文中不能出现真实姓名、校名; (2)文章标题已给出,但不计入总词数; (3)可适当发挥,以使行文连贯。

范文:

Let’s Do Something to Save Our Environment

It is recently reported that some rivers and lakes have dried up in South China. A lot of fishes died. The bottoms of the rivers and lakes have become grass land. The water is becoming less and less because of the bad weather.So everyone should do something to save our environment. First, we should save every drop of water, such as turning off the taps after using it and recycling the water. For example, we can water the plants and clean the rest room with our used water. Second, we should save energy, such as less turning on the lights and turning off the lights when we leave;Do more walking, more bicycling and less driving and so on. Third, we should ask our government to control the pollution from the factories.

Let’s act now from everything to save our environment. Don’t let our tears be the last drop of water in the world! 2018年中考英语作文话题预测:共享单车

假定你是红星中学初三学生李华。你的美国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国新近出现的一种共享单车“mobike”很感兴趣,并请你做个简要介绍。请你给Jim回信,内容包括:

1. 这种单车的使用方法(如:APP查看车辆、扫码开锁等); 2. 这种单车的优势; 3. 你对这种单车的看法。

注意:1. 词数不少于80;

2. 开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。

提示词:智能手机 smartphone,

范文:

Dear Jim,

I’m writing to tell you more about the new form of sharing bike--mobike mentioned in your latest letter.It’s very convenient to use if you have a smartphone. What you do is to find a nearest mobike through the APP, scan the QR code on the bike, and enjoy your trip.

Compared to other forms of sharing bike, the greatest advantage of mobike is that you can easily find one and never worry about where to park it. It is becoming a new trend as a means of transportation, which relieves the traffic pressure and does good to the environment as well.

Hope to ride a mobike with you in China .中考英语作文范文精选:微信红包

Wechat Red packet Wechat is very popular nowadays, even the foreigners are crazy about this communicative tool. The functions of Wechat are various, such as talking to friends and paying the bill. One of the hottest functions is to send red packet.

If people want to catch everybody’s attention in the group talk, sending a red packet works well. Everybody is excited to share the money and they will feel lucky if they get the money. This function brings happiness and I love it so much.

Sometimes when I hear the voice, I will open the phone and try to get the money as soon as possible. When I open the red packet, I will be very happy.

【译文】

微信红包

微信现在很受欢迎,甚至连外国人都喜欢上这个社交工具。微信有很多功能,比如和朋友聊天、支付账单。最热门的功能之一是发红包。

如果有人想要在群聊里吸引大家的注意力,发个红包就可以了。大家对这一功能都很兴奋,如果抢到钱,就会觉得很幸运。这个功能给大家带来了快乐,我也很喜欢这个功能。

有时当我听到声音,我就会打开手机,以最快的速度去抢红包。当我打开红包时,我就会非常高兴。

Parents’ Expectation(父母的期望)

In China, most parents keep reminding their children of the great expectation.

It is natural for every parent wants their kids to stand out. But the traditional parents often make plans for their children, which is the dream that they hadn’t realized before, so they need their offspring to continue their unfinished dream.

Most parents haven’t realized what they do is hurting their babies, as they take away these young people’s freedom.

Every child has their own thought and right. As the complete individuality, they have their features and interest. Parents’ expectation sometimes takes away their speciality.

Wise parents should not put their willingness to children, but let them make their own choice.

【译文】

父母的期待

在中国,大多数家长总是不断的提醒自己的小孩去实现他们的期望。

当然每个父母都希望他们的小孩脱颖而出。但是传统的家长经常是给孩子制定计划,而这些计划则是他们年轻时候没有实现的,所以他们需要后代继续他们未完成的梦想。

大多数家长并没有意识到他们所做的是在伤害自己的孩子,他们夺走了这些年轻人的自由。

每个孩子都有自己的思想和权利。作为完整的个体,他们有自己的特点和兴趣。父母的期望有时会剥夺他们长处。

明智的父母不应该把他们的意愿强加给孩子,应该让他们做出自己的选择。

第5篇:2011年中考英语作文考点导析.

十年一觉扬州梦,赢得青楼薄倖名。运筹帷幄之中,决胜千里之外。烟笼寒水月笼沙,夜泊秦淮近酒家。吾不能变心以从俗兮,故将愁苦而终穷。赤橙黄绿青蓝紫,谁持彩练当空舞?2011年中考英语作文考点导析

一、考点导析

写作能力是语言能力的综合体现,它包括学生的词汇、语法、惯用法等语言知识,还包括学生对文章的构思、组织、表达以及传递信息和解决实际问题的语言交际能力,它能准确全面反映学生的实际语言水平。近年来写作在中考试卷中的比重逐年加大,并对考生提出了更高的要求。英语写作要注意以下两点。

一正确审题, 纲举目张

审题是写好文章的第一步。初中生的作文是以写人、写事为主的情景作文,提供情景的形式花样繁多、不一而足,常见的有提纲、图片、表格、关键词或引言等形式,虽形式各异,但只有正确审题,才能纲举目张。审题要做到弄清题目的要求、写作的意图,抓住要点,确定体裁,拟写提纲,确定所要表达的内容要点。因提供情景的形式不同,所以写作的要求也不同。

1、以提纲形式提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确,重点也很突出,只要把各个提纲加以发挥,注意谴词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性,就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题,但要注意,文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

2、以图画形式提供情景的作文。这种形式的作文应以“看”为主,通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、数字等弄清写作的意图;通过分析思考,把握逻辑联系,找出主题并借助所给的文字把图中的信息转化成文章,但要注意,文章不能停留在图画的浅表而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵,即“文在图上,意在话外”。如命题为“W hat kind of pollution do we have in Shanghai?” Picture 1:The factories let out polluted water;Picture 2:The cars produce polluted smoke ;Picture 3:A man is coughing badly.写作时并不是简单的对图画进行描述,而是要通过这3幅图画的情景说明人类正在毁坏自己的家园,并唤醒人们的环保意识和与污染作斗争的决心,这样才能体现出这篇文章的灵魂。

3、以图表形式提供情景的作文。这种形式的作文要以“读”为主,通过读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码以及相互间的变化关系,对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选概括,去粗存精。在写作时目的要明,要点要清,要注意内容的准确性和严肃性,尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不可出错。

4、以关键词

形式提供情景的作文。这种形式的作文要以“思”为主,通过已给出的关键字的提示,展开遐想的翅

膀,把每个词视为思维链上的轨迹,环环紧扣、节节相连。要注意,“思”要做到“思前顾后”,不可胡思乱想,文章既要打破框框和束缚,展得开,又能前后呼应,收得回。要注意关键词并不是文章的提纲,应学会从关键词中寻找文章的纲目,提炼文章的重点,确定笔墨的主次轻重。

5、以引言形式提供情景的作文。如“Situation: Your pen pal Alice is an American girl. She has never been to Shanghai. She wants to know what Shanghai is like to- day.”,对于这类形式的作文,首先设想自己要告诉A lice 一些什么内容,然后拟订提纲,再依纲行文,就不会盲目无序地乱写了。为了使文章更精彩、更具灵性,可以加上作者的情感、态度和观点,使文章鲜活起来。

二准确用词,言表意达

对初中生来说,英语写作用词不能像母语那样信手拈来,常会受到生词、语法、惯用法等的限制,所以在写作时要注意用词的准确性、可能性和两种语言的异同性,把握好自我空间,即在考试的有限时间范围内和在你有限的知识能力范围内,发挥出自己应有的水平,尽量减少失分。

1、遣词造句要准确。如要表达“地球正处于危险之中”,应为The earth is in danger.,而很多同学却写成The earth is dangerous ,此句意为“地球是危险的”而不是“地球正处于危险之中”;再如,玩电脑游戏应为Play computer games. play 意为“操作电脑游戏”,但很多同学用P lay with computer games. play with 是指“玩弄、把玩”的意思。

2、人称、主要时态要固定。人称和时态不固定会造成人物关系混乱和时间顺序颠三倒四,为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚,在确定了文体后就要把人称和时态定下来。如写人和写事一般用过去时写,为了避免把握不准时态,可以在文章的开头加上yesterday 、 last week 、 two days ago 等表示过去的时间状语。人称通常用“我”或“他”来写比较好叙述,而且从头至尾时态和人称要一致,不能随意改动,以免造成混乱。

3、避免使用自己无把握的词。有些同学为了使自己的文章一鸣惊人,不愿意使用熟悉的常用词,而片面追求一些生冷的词汇,这些词他们往往不会用,不知道如何搭配,结果适得其反,使文章显得生硬不协调,甚至错误连篇。如要表达“他没能和朋友联系上”,He failed to keep in touch with his friend. failed 表示“没能够”,但有些同学从“文曲星”等工具上查得

disenable ,其意思为“使不能够”,是不可以代替f ail 的。所以在写作时,主动权掌握在自己手中,实事求是地选择自己有把握的词,避免不必要的失分是能够做得到的。

4、注意两种语言的异同

性。不同的语言有各自的表达习惯,如“我的理想是做个医生”,很多同学写成My ambition is to do / make a doctor. to do表示“做”或者“干”,to make 表示“制作”,而“做一个医生”则表示“成为一个医生”,应该用“be / become a doctor ”;再如,“看书、看报”应用read a book / newspaper ,而不是 see a book / newspaper ;“把书忘在家里”应该用l eave a book at home ,而不是 forget a book at home 等。因此平时应该特别注意不同的语言的习惯表达,望文生义,一味的生搬硬套,只会闹出诸如“我的理想是制作一个医生”的笑话。

5、注意文采和逻辑结构。文章不是单词的堆砌,也不是简单句的罗列,既然是文章就理所当然的要考虑到文采。有些同学怕出错,只写短语和简单句,写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞和贫乏,要使文章言之有物、有血有肉,就要把平时学的知识用上去,如从句、非谓语动词和比较等句式,关键时刻用上一两个,就会起到鹤立鸡群的效果,使文章增色不少;再如对高级词汇的使用也可以显示出文章的文采。如very important 较平常,但用essential 就显得高出一筹;helpful 用of great help , finally 用 eventually , dirty water 用专业词汇sewage等。关联词如now…… that, not …… but, the more …… the more, not only …… but also 等的使用,会使文章逻辑结构紧密,层次鲜明,条理清楚,就更加显示出你的英文功底,但要做到这些并非一日之功,要靠平时的训练和不断积累。

那麽英文写作如何得高分?

这要从对英文写作的评价标准入手。初中英文写作的评价标准通常要考虑以下六个方面:

1.你所表达的内容是否与中文提供的情景一致,是否达意。

2.单词拼写错误,语法时态及句子结构错误是否影响了内容的准确性。

3.扩展部分的逻辑推理是否与所提供的中文情景相关,所用语言是否准确的表达了你的思想。

4.能否使用恰当的关联词或者复合句使文段内容完整,逻辑合理,结构正确。

5.是否注意了必要的造句技巧,句子开头大写及句尾的标点符号。

6.卷面是否整洁。

因此,写作高分不是以高级词汇及从句的堆积取得的。而是由合理的逻辑思维能力,熟练运用英文基础词汇及语法准确表达思想的能力,以及基础写作技巧的运用能力得到的。 [End] 心事浩

茫连广宇,于无声处听惊雷。黑发不知勤学早,白首方悔读书迟。会当凌绝顶,一览众山小。

第6篇:2012年中考英语作文经典句型大全

中考英语作文,就是靠平时的句型和词汇的积累应用,如果你在在平时学会使用以下38个句型,不仅会上

你的英语写作水平有一个量的积累,更有一个质的提高,从而和别人的文章拉开档次。

中考英语作文,就是靠平时的句型和词汇的积累应用,如果你在在平时学会使用以下38个句型,不仅

会上你的英语写作水平有一个量的积累,更有一个质的提高,从而和别人的文章拉开档次。

一、~the + ~ est + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc) ~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read,

Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

Yao Ming is the tallest basketball player that I have ever seen.

姚明是我所见过的最高的篮球运动员

Liu Xiang is the most hardworking sportsman that I have ever seen.

刘翔是我所见过的最勤奋的运动员。

二、Nothing is + ~ er than to + V

Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V

例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

Nothing is more important than to potect our environment.

没有什么比环保更重要的事。

Nothing is more important than to gain knowledge.

没有什么比学习知识更重要的事。

三、~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~ too much.

(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。) )etc

例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

We cannot emphasize the importance of education.

我们再怎么强调教育的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的……)

例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

There is no denying that Lin Zhiling is the most charming actress I have ever seen.

不可否认,林志玲是我所见过的最有魅力的女演员。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 (全世界都知道……)

例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子 (毫无疑问的……)

例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~ is that + 句子(……的优点是……)

例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create

(produce) any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

An advantage of taking exercises is that it can make us keep healthy.

锻炼身体的优点是它可以让我们保持健康。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~ is that + 句子(……的原因是……)

例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide

us with fresh air.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子(如此……以致于……)例句:So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵,它经不起我们浪费。

So beautiful is Xi Shi that we all like her.

西施是如此美丽,以致于我们都喜欢她。

十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~ (虽然……)

例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no

means satisfactory.

{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~ the + ~er + S + V ~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~ the + more + Adj + S + V

~(愈……愈……)

例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make.

你愈努力,你愈进步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。

十二、By +Ving,can(借着……,……能够……)

例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。

By reading, we can broaden our horizon.

通过阅读,我们可以扩大视野。

十三、~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (……使……能够……)

例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.

听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

Travelling enable our life to be enriched.

旅行能丰富人们的生活。

Watching movies enable our horizon to be broadened.

看电影能开阔视野。

十四、On no account can we + V ~ (我们绝对不能……)

例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

On no account can we ignore the importance of education.

我们绝对不能忽略教育的重要性。

十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)

例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve

the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

十六、Those who ~ (……的人……)

例句:Those who break the law should be punished.

违法的人应该受处罚。

第7篇:2011年中考英语优秀作文[模版]

I’m a member of my family7+8+3

I’m so glad that I’m a member of my family. There’re three people in my family. As the only child, I’m given so much love from my parents. Moreover, they also provide me with a relaxing atmosphere to live in. We share our joy and sadness and I spend almost all my spare time being with them. I always help my mother do the housework such as washing dishes and sweeping the floor. Besides, I also do my father a favor to water the flowers. We often go cycling and play tennis at weekends.

I’m so lucky that I can be a member in such a sweet family. I feel warm and enjoyable, and what’s worth mentioning, the time I spend with my family is the most valuable wealth in my life!

I’m a member of DIY Club7+8+3

DIY Club makes my life colorful. I’m glad to be a member of DIY Club. Our teacher usually lets us draw some beautiful pictures and make some models. If I have good imagination, I can create an attractive model. Sometimes, we draw some pictures of our daily life, and use some words to describe each picture as well. This helps us improve many skills. When I meet some difficulties, our teacher always helps me to overcome them. We help each other and share our happiness together. It seems that nothing is impossible if you put all your heart into it.

DIY Club makes my life full of happiness. It’s rewarding and helpful. I feel happy and glad as a member of DIY Club.

I’m a member of this world7+6+2

Everyday, we can see some news on TV and newspaper. Think about it. If there’s a war, people will be hurted and some people who lives nearby will possibly die. They have beautiful life before, but now they are worried everyday. We live in the same world, so we are the member of this world. We are sisters and brothers! I will be a volunteer to help other people and stop the wars all over the world, because I’m a member of this world. I can’t finish this great mission myself, so I need your help. Let’s be good members of this world!

I’m a member of our school volleyball team7+8+3

I find enjoyment in being a member of our school volleyball team. Actually, I didn’t feel very interested when I joined our school team at first. Mr. Jiang, the teacher who trained us was so strict that he never let us give up halfway. I had to practice playing volleyball from day to night no matter how terrible the weather was. However, because of our hard work, our team won the first prize at last.(未完,字迹模糊)

I’m a member of Animal Lovers7+8+3

As a Grade Nine student, I’m quite glad to be a member of Animal Lovers. In this special social group, I’m responsible for designing posters to help people around me realize the importance of protecting animals, especially those in danger. Acting as a member of Animal Lovers, I feel honored and excited as I believe I’m doing something meaningful to the society. Joining Animal Lovers not only increases my awareness of protecting animals, but also adds a brilliant touch to my daily life.

I’m a member of school chemistry club7+8+3

I’ve been a member of the chemistry club in our school for 3 years and I’m really glad to be a member of it. We do different experiments by ourselves in the club. I can hardly believe my eyes when the color of one liquid changes suddenly when one liquid is poured into another. We are like magicians and do something we have never done before. Always I am curious about the cause and effect of the experiments. Then we gather together and have a discussion about the experiments. Sometimes, we can work out the problem but sometimes we can not. We still enjoy ourselves while learning. I feel excited and proud to be such a member. We can not only do interesting experiments, but also learn to solve problems by ourselves and to be cooperative.

I’m a member of volunteer group7+8+3

I think the most beautiful thing in the world are the smiles on people’s faces who are helped by me, so I am glad to be a member of volunteer group.In order to help the people around us or far away from us, our group members have organized many meaningful activities. Last holiday, we made many special newspapers by ourselves which are about the environmental protection. We sold them to the people in the nearby park so that we could send the money we got to the Red Cross. Helping others always makes us feel extremely happy. As a member of volunteer group, I often call on people around me to do voluntary work, too, because volunteering is great, isn’t it?

I’m a member of travelling group7+8+3

As a member of travelling group, I fall in love with travelling. Other members and I always go on a trip to different countries together. I can enjoy the wonderful view and breathe the fresh air along the journey. It’s also a good chance to make friends with foreigners and to learn different culture and customs from my new friends. Besides, shopping is one of my hobbies. My friends will introduce famous attractions to me and show me around there so that I can bring home varieties of specialties. As we all know, travelling will make one forget all his trouble and have another beginning. Although I feel tired sometimes, traveling is still full of meanings. I have tons of wonderful memories in such a group. I believe my life will always be with sunshine.

I’m a member of SSP journalist17.5

I’ve been a member of SSP journalists for three years. It’s really a meaningful and exciting experience. I always interview famous people as well as common people politely. Moreover, writing reports is necessary work after the interview. Luckily, I’ve published three articles in SSP through my hard work. In our journalists home, we work together happily. In various activities, I feel proud and confident, as such a member. More importantly, the courage and confidence I gain is the best gift to my youth.

I’m a member of a volunteer group16.5

Nothing can take the place of the pleasure of helping others. As a member of a volunteer group, I am enjoyable and happy.

Since I’m a volunteer with rich experience, I always follow my group to the hospital. I cheer up for the sick and encourage them to the positive in life. It’s a pleasing to see their smiling faces.

Just as the saying goes “Nobody can decide the length of life, but we can decide its width and depth.” As a member of a volunteer group, I find my life meaningful and colorful. Besides, I enjoy spreading the love and favor along.

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