剖析高考真题 探讨高三历史复习对策
摘 要：教育部考试中心权威评析总结了2018年全国新课标卷高考历史试题“聚焦立德树人，体现历史学科积极育人导向”“落实依纲考试，凸显考试与素质教育要求的内在联系”“优化考试理念，体现素质教育基本要求”等特征。基于试题特征和学科核心素养，如何在高考综合改革的新时代下进行高三复习教学，成为每位高中历史老师值得思考的重要课题。
关键词：高考真题;高三;历史;复习
本文结合对近五年(2014～2018)全国新课标卷的第24题的分析，从问题情境、考查内容、材料呈现、核心素养等方面来剖析本题的考查特点及命题规律，并在此基础上探讨高三复习对策。
一、 考查特点及命题规律
近五年(2014～2018)全国课标卷第24题的考查情况统计
年份卷别问题情境考查内容材料呈现核心素养
2018
Ⅰ历史现象的反映古代中国科技文化：墨子文字唯物史观、历史解释、家国情怀
Ⅱ分析历史现象的本质古代政治：商朝建立文字唯物史观、历史解释
Ⅲ分析历史事实古代中国的手工业经济：战国以前铁器文字、历史地图史料实证、时空观念
历史解释
2017
Ⅰ分析历史事件的影响古代中国政治：分封制文字唯物史观、历史解释、家国情怀
Ⅱ历史现象的反映古代中国的商业：春秋战国商贸文字、历史地图唯物史观、时空观念、历史解释
Ⅲ分析历史现象的原因古代中国文化：文字的起源与发展图像、文字时空观念、史料实证、历史解释、家国情怀
2016
Ⅰ分析歷史事实古代中国文化：对待孔子与儒学的态度文字唯物史观、历史解释、家国情怀
Ⅱ历史现象的反映古代中国文化：汉字的演变过程图像、文字、考古资料时空观念、史料实证、历史解释、家国情怀
Ⅲ分析历史事件的影响古代中国政治：西周政治制度文字唯物史观、历史解释、家国情怀
2015
Ⅰ分析历史事实的影响古代中国经济：小农经济文字唯物史观、历史解释
Ⅱ分析历史现象古代中国文化：儒学与传统的关系文字唯物史观、历史解释、家国情怀
2014
Ⅰ分析历史事件的影响古代中国的政治：“天”的理论对后世的影响文字唯物史观、历史解释、家国情怀
Ⅱ分析历史现象古代中国的政治：西周政治制度文字唯物史观、历史解释、家国情怀
分析上述表格可以得出近五年全国新课标卷第24题的特点与命题规律：
1. 考查方式：呈现新的历史情境，不管是知识的内涵还是外延，有突破教材的阐述。材料呈现逐渐多元化，不单只有文字，还有图像、历史地图等形式。
2. 考查能力：考查学生获取信息的能力，综合运用已有的知识解决问题的能力以及探究新问题的能力。
3. 考查素养：突出历史学科核心素养的考查，囊括了唯物史观、历史解释、时空观念、史料实证、家国情怀等，多角度、多层次考查了学生的综合素质。
4. 考查内容：注重对主干知识的考查，如：分封制、宗法制、儒家思想、小农经济等。
5. 问题情境：主要分析历史现象、分析历史事件的原因及影响、分析历史事实的影响、历史现象的反映及说明等。
6. 考查趋势：先秦时期是中华文明的源头和奠基时期，新课标全国卷每年都在此处命题，主要围绕先秦时期的政治、经济、文化来命题，三卷轮流考。
二、 今后高三历史复习对策
(一) 构建基于学科核心素养培养的高三历史通史复习模式
从2014～2018年高考全国新课标卷文综历史选择题的特点与命题规律、解题方法等来看，按照课标要求，依据考试大纲，同时，结合我校学生的实际，建立起与全国卷相配套的基于学科核心素养培养新的通史复习模式。模式主要有阶段特征、同时期的世界、考纲解读、课标解读、考情分析、知识梳理、核心突破、拓展提升等八个环节，采用史料教学。下面以先秦时期的政治为例：
阶段特征：体现时空观念。
先秦文明(约170万年前～公元前221年)
夏商西周时期(公元前2070年～公元前771年)是中华文明的起源和奠基时期。
春秋战国(公元前770年～公元前221年)是中华民族形成与发展的重要时期。
同时期的世界：五大文明古国、古希腊、罗马
考纲解读：
1. 考纲要求：商周的政治制度。
2. 考纲解读：(1)殷商的政治;(2)西周的政治;(3)春秋战国的政治。
课标解读：
时空观念：1. 夏商周时代的时空定位;2. 分封制的演变历程。
唯物史观：1. 认识分封制瓦解的原因;2. 宗法制瓦解的原因。
历史解释与史料实证：1. 分封制与宗法制的内涵;
2. 分封制与宗法制的特点;
3. 早期政治制度的特点。
家国情怀：分析宗法制的社会价值。
考情分析：近五年的高考真题分析(略)
知识梳理：主要对主干知识的梳理，把教材当材料，设计问题，来分析理解;同时，拓展知识，补充材料，联系经济、科技文化思想等，同时代中外联系。(具体略)
核心突破：核心概念理解：多角度理解分封制和如何理解宗法制及其关系，可以设计材料来设问理解其内容、影响、特点等;也可以从学术视角来分析理解。
拓展提升：探究：早期政治制度的特点，以材料的形式呈现。模拟实战高考试题，采用一些省市级别的模拟或质检试题。
(二) 拓展学生的历史视野，构建多元知识体系
从近5年的全国新课标卷文综历史试题的特点来看，高考试题强调脱离教材，创设新情境和新问题，由于教材多版本，但多版本都要掌握不可取;而且分析教材与命题关系：教材经典知识仍要考查;教材主干知识为命题提供背景支持;教材实际上重在培养学生能力掌握学习历史的方法，因而只有把教材当材料分析问题来教。因此在教学内容上，要突破教科书限制，用教材而不是教教材。根据考纲和课标，整合可利用的课程资源，向课本之外拓宽。资源的宽度和深度，都可以作为引导学生探究性的学习方式的培养。同时，补充历史知识，如中国古代史的民族关系、外交关系、科技史、士族庶族、外戚宦官、租佃经济、经济重心南移、土地赋税制度等;中国近现代史的洋务运动、清末新政、预备立宪、后期新文化运动、北京政府、北洋军阀、南京国民政府的统治、土地革命、中华人民共和国的巩固和恢复经济、20世纪60年代的外交等;世界史的第一次世界大战、第二次世界大战、20世纪20年代资本主义的发展、英法美的资产阶级革命和政体的演变、民族独立运动和新兴国家的发展、20世纪50～80年代美苏争霸等。通过社会热点问题构建新的知识体系，如热播的宣传片《大国重器》《厉害了，我的国》《将改革进行到底》;当年中国历史学研究十大热点、学术热点等。
(三) 加强试题训练，精准研判试题，提高学生的解题能力。
近5年的全国新课标卷文综历史试题的专业性非常突出，能力要求也较高，超出教材，坚持论从史出的原则，注重突出考生提取和解读信息考查，根据材料调动和运用所学知识的迁移能力。要紧扣考纲，查漏补缺。加强基础主干知识的巩固和能力的培养，同时针对高考的热点、难点，适当进行跨学科的综合联系和复习。以考带练，以练促考。加大材料综合题的阅读量和训练量。试题内容要适当超出考纲和课标的范围;同时要精準研判高考题，对高考经典试题要进行深度剖析和反复揣摩，继而加以改造，提高老师的命题水平，促进学生的解题能力的提高。加强选择题和主观题的强化专项训练，12题选择题在12分钟以内完成，尽可能每天一张;41题15分钟完成;42题开放性试题12分钟完成;45～47选修题11分钟完成;反复训练，教师精讲，重点讲解题思路和方法。同时，学生要建立错题集，以便更好地错因分析和临考前复习。加强与外省市及本省先进地区的经验交流，特别是对最新高考信息的捕捉，并注意调节学生考前心理。教师也要有意识地去了解收集一些高考命题专家的学术研究重点和关注点，比如刘芃、曹大为、杨宁一、何德章、李少兵、曹文柱、吴伟、郭晓明、刘北成、聂幼犁、赵亚夫，等等;同时学会从对高考试题的评价杂志和书籍得出一些信息和命题的趋向，比如《历史教学》、《历史教学问题》《中学历史教学参考》《中学历史教学》，等等。
作者简介：
林炎昌，福建省龙岩市，福建省永定第一中学。
作者：林炎昌
体裁为书信，内容为学生所熟悉。要点通过汉语和图示两种方式给出。汉语句子虽不算少，但无法照译。
考生在完成本题时需要做到以下几点：
1.认真审读所给文字和草图，确认全部信息要点。
2.确定写的动机：向你的英国笔友介绍你为他所找住房的情况。 3.确定写的基本路子：以回信的口气，介绍情况，询问态度。 4.确定语篇的结构：书信开头、介绍情况、询问态度、书信结尾。 5.起草语篇，考虑措辞。 6.进行文字修改。
假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Bob将于九月到你所在城市的建新华文学校来学中文，来信请你在学校附近为他找一套住房。请根据图画提供的信息，写信介绍住房的情况，并告知住房面积为25平方米，月租500元。
注意：1.词数：100左右。
2.参考词汇：房租�rent(n.)。 Dear Bob, Yours, Li Hua 内容要点： 1.开头; 2.公寓(一室带浴室、厨房); 3.面积、家具(25平米、床、沙发、书桌、椅子); 4.公寓位置(芳草街，离学校一站远); 5.月租500元 ; 6.结尾。 说明：
1.内容要点可用不同方式表达。 2.对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。
3.开头、结尾的内容须合乎逻辑、语言得体。 【参考范文】 Dear Bob, I”m so glad to learn that you”re coming in September.I”ve found a place for you,It”s a small flat of 25 square meters,with a bedroom,a bathroom and a kitchen.In the bedroom there is a bed,a sofa,a desk and a chair.The rent is 500 yuan per month.The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street,which is not far from Jianxiu Chinese School.Bus No.11 can take you straight to the school.In fact.it”s only one stop.Do you think you”d like it?If not,I can try and find another place for you.Just let me know. Yours, Li Hua ●应用强化训练 (一) 请你仔细阅读所给英文信，然后给Worried写一封回信。要求包含以下内容： 1.安慰鼓励; 2.记一些惯用词组和句型结构，将它们组织在一起并用其造句; 3.多读英语，告诉他通过大量阅读才能正确使用语言; 4.多背诵一些好的短文。
要求：不要逐字逐条翻译，词数100左右。 Dear Helpful, I”m a Senior Three student and I”m in trouble.I used to like English,but now I have some difficulty in English,especially in English writing.Though I know English is a very important subject,I think now it is too difficult for me.You know I have got poor results in English many times because my writing is poor.I wonder why so many students like English and can get good results in English.I do want to be one of the best students and go to a famous university after graduation.But my English is not good enough.What should I do? Worried 【参考范文】 Dear Worried, I have received your letter and I”m glad to give you some suggestions.First of all,don”t be disappointed.Many students find it difficult to write well.In my opinion,if you want to improve your writing,you can do several things.First,do some study with set phrases and sentence structures.Keep a list of them and then try to make some sentences with them.Second,read as much as possible.There are many things that can”t be learnt.You must see them in books many times.Then you”ll be able to use them correctly yourself.So in order to write well,you must learn to read much.Finally,you”d better recite some good passages. Good luck to you in your writing. Helpful (二) 一正在中国考察的外国教育团队欲了解中国高三学生选择高考志愿的态度。下表是你根据平时了解所得到的信息。请你根据该表用英语写一篇简要介绍，供该考察团参考。
约35%的同学认为：约45%的同学认为：约20%的同学认为：
1.应以个人兴趣为主。
2.兴趣是成功之母。
3.被迫学自己不感兴趣的专业是痛苦的。1.应以社会需要为主。
2.将来容易找到工作。
3.兴趣可以培养和改变。1.如何选择，是一难题。
2.听从父母或老师的意见。
注意：
1.文章的开头已为你写好; 2.词数：100左右。
Chinese senior middle school graduates have different opinions on how to choose their courses and universities. 【参考范文】
Chinese senior middle school graduates have different opinions on how to choose their courses and universities. About 35% of the students believe the choice should be based on their own interest.They say interest is the mother of success.It is a miserable thing to have to spend most of your time studying what you have no interest in. More students (around 45%),however,insist that main consideration should be given to the needs of the society,for,they argue,not everyone can find the job they like best.Besides,interest can be born and lost. Interestingly,there are about 20% who find it too difficult a choice to make and would rather depend on their parents or teachers to make a decision for them. (三) 假如你是贫困地区的一名失学的儿童，名叫李萍。你很幸运地得到在北京工作的一位美国人Mr.Smith的帮助，得以重新回到校园继续学习。于是你于2002年2月1日给Mr.Smith写一封信，向他表示感谢，并介绍了学习情况。(字数：80~120) 信中内容包括：
1.收到书和钱，并能重返校园，表示感谢; 2.在老师的帮助下学习上取得了很大进步; 3.老师表扬了你，家长鼓励你;
4.下决心更加努力学习，取得更大进步;
5.盼望见到Mr.Smith，但因没有机会去北京，希望Mr.Smith给你寄张照片。 【参考范文】 Dear Mr.Smith. I”m glad to have received your money and books.Now,I can go to school again.I”m very happy.Thank you very much! I have been studying hard since I accepted your gifts.I have made great progress in my study.Our teachers have praised me for it.And my parents have encouraged me to work harder.I have made up my mind to do so and make even greater progress with the help of the teachers. I”m looking forward to seeing you,but I have no chance to go to Beijing.Could you send me one of your photos to me?Thank you! Best wishes. Yours sincerely, Li Ping (四) 假如你班刚转来一位美国学生,他想了解一下班主任李老师的一些情况。请你根据下面的提示用英语为其写一篇介绍李老师的短文。(字数:80~120) 1.李老师年近50,1975年来校任教,工作一贯努力,曾多次受到表扬; 2.他知识丰富,教学有方,上课生动有趣,深受学生欢迎; 3.他与学生关系融洽,但对学生要求严格;
4.他是学生的良师益友,深受大家的尊敬和爱戴。 【参考范文】
Mr.Li is now nearly fifty.He came to our school in 1975.All these years he has been working very hard.Many times he has been praised for his hard work. He has much knowledge and is good at teaching.All of us enjoy his lessons,which are lively and interesting. He gets on well with us,but he is strict with us.He often encourages us to study hard for our country.With his help,we”ve made much progress.
Mr.Li is not only our good teacher,but also our good friend.We all love and respect him. (五) 某海滨游泳场从今年夏天起对外宾开放,请你根据下列内容为海滨游泳池(Swimming Pool)用英语写一份“游泳须知”(Swimming Rules)。(字数：100左右)。 1.游泳者不得越过红线;
2.所借的游泳衣、救生圈(life-buoy)、太阳伞(sunshade)、椅子不得损坏或带走; 3.不准乱扔废弃物,请放入垃圾桶; 4.下午6点前必须上岸; 5.不准在游泳区钓鱼。
游泳者必须遵守以上规定，违者处罚金(fine)5~200元。 【参考范文】 NOTICE Swimming Rules Swimmers are required to obey the following rules.Anyone who breaks the rules will be fined 5~200 yuan. 1.Nobody is allowed to swim beyond the red line. 2.Swimming suits,life buoys,sunshades and chairs borrowed from here are not to be destroyed or taken away. 3.Don”t throw waste things everywhere.Put them into the dustbins. 4.Swimmers must get out of water before 6 p.m. 5.Fishing is not allowed here. The Seaside Swimming Pool (六) 假如你是一名导游，陪同某外国旅游团游览长城。车抵长城，下车前你准备对大家作必要的介绍和交代。请拟一份讲话稿。讲话稿必须包括以下内容：
1.简单介绍长城(世界上最长的城墙，有两千多年的历史，是世界奇观之一); 2.在长城逗留两个半小时，11点离开;
3.游览车在入口处等候，记住车号，准时返回; 4.贵重物品随身携带，下车前关上车窗; 5.游览时注意安全，祝大家玩得愉快。
注意：不要逐句翻译，字数100个单词左右。 【参考范文】
Ladies and gentlemen, Here we are at the foot of the Great Wall.It is the longest wall in the world and has a history of over 2 000 years.It is one of the wonders of the
world.We”ll stay here for two hours and a half,that is to say,we”ll leave at 11 o”clock.The bus will be waiting for us at the entrance.Please remember our bus number and be back on time.Besides,please take your valuable things with you and shut all the windows before you get off.Be careful while you are on the Great Wall. Have a good time! (七) 下面四幅图描述了你在寒假时遇到了同学淘淘皮。你们谈起了过年的事情。请你用英语写一篇短文，叙述谈话的内容，以便在《中学生英语报》上发表，反映中学生过寒假的情况。
注意：1.短文必须包括所有图画的内容，可适当增加细节，使短文连贯; 2.词数100左右; 3.开头语已为你写好。
4.生词提示：春节 the Spring Festival 压岁钱 lucky money One day in the winter holidays,I met my classmate Tao Taopi in the park. 【参考范文】
One day during the winter holidays,I met my classmate Tao Taopi in the park. We chatted for a while as we walked.I asked him where he had been during the holidays of the Spring Festival.He replied that he had visited his relatives and friends.Then I”d like to know why he hadn”t gone out for a tour.Much to my surprise,he told me that it would cost much money to go out for a tour while his visiting relatives and friends had brought him a lot of lucky money.In my opinion,travelling during the Spring Festival not only increases a student”s knowledge of his or her motherland but also makes the life in winter vacation meaningful. (八) 你校新来的外籍教师想了解你校课外活动的开展情况。请根据下面的提示，用英语写一篇短文，介绍有关的情况。 注意：1.词数100左右。
2.生词提示：课外活动out-of-class activities
活动时间活动地点活动内容活动结果希望和建议
星期
二、五下午(4：30~
5：15)教室
实验室
学校操场
校内花园体育 美术
微机 摄影
歌咏、演讲比赛 丰富了学生的知识，激发了学生的学习兴趣1. 减少作业，增加课外活动的时间;
2.建立英语角;3.多组织参观、旅游活动。
【参考范文】
Students in our school have two periods for out-of-class activities from 4:30p.m.~5:15p.m.every Tuesday and Friday.The activities include
computer,sports,art,photographing,singing and speech contests.These activities are often held in our classroom,labs,school gardens or on the playground.We have learned a lot more through these activities,which make us more interested in studies.We hope such activities will be held more often and we”ll be given less homework to do.We suggest that an “English Corner” should be set up.It is also our suggestion that tours,or visits be organized so that we can learn what is going on outside our school. (九) 下列六幅图描述了你7月5日星期天那天的某些活动，请根据这些图画用英语写一篇日记。 注意：1.日记须包括所有图画的内容，可以适当增加细节，使故事连贯; 2.词数100个单词左右。
【参考范文】
Sunday
July 5 Fine After supper this evening my friend Li Hua came and asked me to go and see a movie with him.On our way to the cinema we saw a little girl sitting by the
roadside crying.We bought her a cake to stop her crying.But when we asked where she lived,she said she didn”t know.So we took her to the police station and asked the police to take care of her.After that we went to the cinema.But when we got there,the movie was nearly at its end.We missed the movie,but we had done a good deed,so we felt very happy. (十) 假如你校学生会(Students” Union)要举办一次英语演讲比赛(contest)，请你用英语写一篇书面通知，以便张贴到布告栏上。通知须包括以下内容： 1.比赛目的：提高学生的英语口语水平 2.比赛时间：2002年11月20日下午4点 3.比赛地点：四楼阶梯教室(auditorium)
4.评比办法：由五位老师做评委其中包括Mr.Smith 5.奖项设置：一等奖1名，二等奖3名，三等奖5名 6.报名办法：到各班班长处报名
注意：1.不要逐条翻译说明内容，通知必须用短文的形式; 2.词数100个单词左右。 【参考范文】 NOTICE In order to improve the students” spoken English,an English speaking contest will be held by the school Students” Union in the auditorium on the fourth floor at 4:00 p.m.on November 20,2002.Five teachers,including Mr.Smith,have been invited to be judges.One first prize,three second prizes and five third prizes will be given to the excellent speakers.Anyone who is willing to take part in the contest,please go to your monitor and sign your name for it.All are welcome to be present at the contest. Students” Union (十一) 假定你是李华，有一位美国朋友Smith托你在北京找工作，你看到21世纪英文报(21st Century)上刊登了一则招聘启事，认为他很合适。请用英文写一封短信，用E-mail发给Smith，告知此事，并征求他的意见。广告原文如下： Foreign Teachers Wanted! The Education Department of the Ladder Company is running an English course for children and adults. Requirements: 1.Native English speaker 2.University degree in education or related field preferred 3.Foreign expert certification If you are interested,please call us: Tel:86-10-68019433 E-mail: liecbj@hotmail.com 注意：1.开头语已给你写好;
2.介绍必须包括所有内容，但不要逐词翻译说明部分; 3.词数：100个单词左右。 Dear Smith, I know you want to find a job in Beijing. 【参考范文】 Dear Smith, I know you want to find a job in Beijing.I read an advertisement in today”s
“21st Century”,an English paper here.A Beijing Ladder Information Company is running a school for children and adults.So they need native speaker English teachers.What they prefer is a university degree in education or other related field,which you have.And a foreign expert certification is also required.I think you are the right person they want. If you are interested,please directly call or write to the company.The telephone number is 86-10-68019433,and their e-mail address is : liecbj@hotmail.com. Good luck. Yours, Li Hua (十二) 根据下列图表以“How People Spent Their Holidays”为题，写一篇80~120词左右的短文，以便发表在《二十一世纪英文报》上。
Changes in the Ways People Spent Their Holidays
19901999
travelling abroad12%24%
going to seasid38%31%
camping10%36%
stying at home40%9%
Total100%100%
【参考范文】
How People Spent Their Holidays The way people spent their holidays has changed a great deal in the 1990s.In 1990,40% of the people spent their holidays at home.But in 1999,the number dropped to 9%.It seemed that people had more spare time than before. A great number of people spent their holidays travelling abroad.Compared with 1990 (12%),the rate in 1999 (24%) is doubled.It shows that people now are richer than before and can afford the overseas journey. Besides,the number of the people who went to the seaside for their holidays remained nearly the same.And more people preferred to camp ( from 10% to 36%).The reason may be that the true nature attracts people very much and they want to enjoy the real world around them. (十三) 光明中学依山傍水，校园曾经安静美丽，一年前该校附近建了一家化工厂。学校受到了严重影响。假如你是该校的一名学生，名叫李东。请你根据下表内容用英文给中国日报写一封信，反映情况，呼吁有关部门采取相应措施。
建厂前建厂后
校园内鲜花盛开,树木常青;校园安静,学习佳地工厂每天排出大量污水、废气，严重影响师生健康，花草树木受到危害，工厂噪音也干扰了教学活动。
注意：1.词数：100左右; 2.开头已为你写好。 Dear editor, I”m a student of Guang Ming Middle School,Our school used to… 【参考范文】 Dear editor, I”m a student of Guang Ming Middle School.Our school used to be very beautiful.There used to be green trees and all kinds of flowers in our school all the year round.It used to be a quiet place and it was a good place for study. Things have changed since a chemical works was built near our school a year ago.Every day it produces large quantities of waste water and harmful gases.The terrible pollution has done great harm to us as well as to the trees and
flowers.And the great noise from the works has greatly affected our teaching and studying activities.Our school is no longer a quiet and good place for study.We suffer a lot from the pollution. We do hope you can help us to take measures to protect our school and stop it from being polluted. Yours truly, Li Dong (十四) 下面是某中外合资企业刊登在昨天的China Daily上的一则广告： Office secretary,with experience in bookkeeping,typewriting,public relations,operating PC(personal computer).Address,age,health condition Write to A518,Charlie Office. 假如你是张林，现年20岁，身体健康，学习英语6年，学过广告中所列项目。通信地址是滨海市745信箱(P.O.Box745)。请根据广告中提出的招聘职务、应聘条件和你自己的简要情况，写一封自荐信。字数：100词左右。 【参考范文】 Dear Sir, I have read your advertisement in yesterday”s China Daily.I feel I am qualified for the job in your company.I”m 20 years old and in good health.After graduation from a middle school,I studied English for six years.I also learned
bookkeeping,typewriting and public relations.I”m good at operating PC and have a good command of English.I”m interested in the position of a secretary.I want very much to be accepted by your company.I”ll work hard if I can be a member in your company. Zhang Ling (十五) 下面六幅图画描述了你和同学们2月8日去学校附近的湖上滑冰的情况。请根据图画内容用英语写一篇日记。
注意：1.日记必须包括所有图画的内容，可适当增加细节，使短文连贯。 2.词数100左右。 【参考范文】
February 8th,SundayFine It was cold today.My classmates and I went skating on the lake.As soon as we got there,we began to skate happily.While enjoying myself,I suddenly noticed
something unusual.The moment I warned Xiao Ming to take care,the ice broke and he slipped into the water. I was too frightened to know what to do.I anxiously ran to school to call my teacher for help.Hearing my cry,Mr.Zhang rushed over,telling us to phone 120 to call for doctors,and jumped into the lake to save Xiao Ming,who was struggling in the cold water.At last,he was saved and no sooner had doctors arrived than he was sent to hospital.It was not long before Xiao Ming”s parents came.They expressed their thanks to Mr.Zhang. What a respectable teacher he is!
年级 高中学科英语版本期数
内容标题历年高考英语书面表达题例解读
分类索引号
G.431分类索引描述
听力
主题词历年高考英语书面表达题例解读栏目名称 专题辅导
供稿老师审稿老师
录入韩荟一校林卉二校审核
高考作文
2013高考作文真题：山东高考作文题目
关键词： 2013;山东高考;作文试题;见证;
[提要]2013高考在6月7日上午拉开帷幕，高考语文作文题目一直都是考生们关注的话题，下面为您盘点各地历届高考作文题目及作文内容。作文要求：以“春来草自青”为话题，完成一篇自命题作文，题目自拟，除诗歌外，文体不限，字数800左右。2013山东高考作文：为作家作品挑错
阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章：
近年来，素有“语林啄木鸟”之称的《咬文嚼字》开设专栏，为当代著名作家的作品挑错，发现其中确有一些语言文字和文史知识差错。对此，这些作家纷纷表示理解，并积极回应。中国作协主席铁凝诚恳地感谢读者对她的作品“咬文嚼字”;莫言在被“咬”之后，也表达了自己的谢意，他表示，请别人挑错，可能是消除谬误的好办法。
要求：1.选准角度，自定立意;2.自拟题目;3.除诗歌外，文体不限，文体特征鲜明;4.不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围。
2012山东高考作文题：以孙中山箴言自拟题目
2011高考作文题目——山东卷：《这世界需要你》
要求：形式不限，诗歌除外，800字以上。
2010山东高考作文题：生活品质靠什么来支撑
生活品质，靠什么来支撑?
阅读下面材料，按要求作文。(60分)
衡量生活品质，每个人都有不同的标准。在过去的三十年，中国人把对美好生活的向往寄托于物质生活的改善，于是乎，名牌和奢侈品在一些人心目中的分量似乎愈来愈重。
据有关统计，68.8%的受访白领愿意花钱购买奢侈品，受访白领在奢侈品上的年消费人均达到22062.8元。26岁的外企职员FLORA月薪5000元。她说，自己购买奢侈品的主要原因还是为了挣面子。28岁的部门主管AMBER拿着8000元月薪，也是一名奢侈品的追随者。她自称买名牌不为面子，不求舒适，只为“激励自己”。AMBER说，她会关注千万富翁的生活方式，这会让她搜罗名牌更有“方向感”。
在平时的的生活中，你会在意名牌和奢侈品吗?金钱是衡量生活品质的唯一标准吗?作为现代人，生活品质靠什么来支撑?
读了上述文字，你有何感想?请联系社会实际或你的人生体验，自定立意，自拟题目，写一篇不少于800字的文章，文体不限。不得抄袭。
2009年山东省高考作文题目：见证
见证，是社会、历史、生活的凝聚。生活中，我们见证了个人悲喜和社会的发展;社会变迁中，许多人或事，是……见证。 请以“见证”为题目，写一篇不少于800字的作文。
2008高考山东省作文题目：“春来草自青”
作文要求：以“春来草自青”为话题，完成一篇自命题作文，题目自拟，除诗歌外，文体不限，字数800左右。
2007年山东卷作文题目：时间不会使记忆风化
要求：请以时间不会使记忆风化为题写800字文章，自拟题目，自选主题自选文体，文体特征明显。
2006年高考作文山东卷
作文试题
阅读下面这首诗，根据要求作文。
星 星
雷抒雁仰望星空的人，
总以为星星就是宝石，
晶莹，透亮，没有纤瑕。
飞上星星的人知道，
那儿有灰尘、石渣，
和地球上一样复杂。
这首诗可以产生不同的联想感悟。请根据你的联想或感悟写一篇文章。
注意：①联想或感悟要与整首诗的寓意有关。②立意自定，题目自拟。③不少于800字。④除诗歌外文体不限。
2011年广东高考作文：回到原点
阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文(60分)
大千世界“原点”无所不在。“原点”可以是道路的起点，可以是长河的源头，可是坐标的中心，可以是事物的根本„„
请以“回到原点”为标题，联系生活体验与认识，写一篇文章，自定文体，不少于800字(含标点符号)。
2010年广东高考作文：与你为邻
阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。(60分)
你我为邻，相互依存。“你”可以是有形的，也可以是无形的;“邻”无法回避，却可有所选择。
请你根据自己的生活体验与感受，以“与你为邻”为标题写一篇文章，自定文体，不少于800字。
2009年广东高考作文：常识
我们生活在常识中，常识与我们同行。有时，常识虽易知而难行，有时常识须推陈而出新„„
请写一篇文章，谈谈你生活中与“常识”有关的经历或你对“常识”的看法。自拟题目，自定写法，不少于800字。
2008年广东高考作文：不要轻易说“不”
请以“不要轻易说‘不’”为题写一篇文章。要求：(1)除诗歌之外，文体不限;(2)不少于800字。
2007年广东高考作文：传递
阅读下面的文字，按要求作文。(60分)
万物在传递中绵延不已，人类在传递中生生不息。技艺、经验可以传递，思想、感情可以传递„„
请以“传递”为话题写一篇不少于800字的文章。标题自拟，文体自选(诗歌除外)，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。
2006年广东高考作文：雕刻心中的天使
阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。
一位雕刻家正在一刀一刀的雕琢一块尚未完成的大理石，一个小男孩好奇地在一旁看着他。
雕像逐渐成型，头部、肩膀、手臂、身躯，接着头发、眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴„„一个可爱的小女孩出现在面前。
小男孩万分惊讶地问雕刻家：“你怎么知道她藏在里面的呢?”
雕刻家哈哈大笑，他告诉孩子：“石头里原本什么也没有，只不过是我用刻刀把我心中的天使搬到这里来了。”
请以“雕刻心中的天使”为话题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。标题自拟，文题自选(诗歌除外)，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。
2005年广东高考作文：纪念
阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。(60分)
纪念是用一定的方式对人对事表示怀念。它既可以是国家、民族对已有荣誉的回忆，对过去痛苦的祭奠，也可以是家庭和个人对往事对亲朋表示的怀念。纪念又不同于怀念，它不仅仅是内心情感的涌动，它还是思想与行动的结合。生活中有各式各样的纪念，节日庆典是纪念，树碑立传是纪念，种一棵树或写一篇文章也是纪念……形式或许不同，但意义同样真切。真正的纪念是心灵的回响，是历史的回音;它坚守信念，传递勇气;它珍藏感动，分享幸福;它审视过去，启迪未来……
请以“纪念”为话题，写一篇文章。
[注意]①所写内容必须在话题范围之内;②立意自定;③文体自选;④题目自拟;⑤不少于800字;⑥不得抄袭。
2004年广东高考作文：语言与沟通
阅读下面的寓言，根据要求作文。(60分)
古时东瓯(今浙江南部沿海一带)人住的是茅屋，经常发生火灾，为此痛苦不已。有个东瓯商人到晋国去，听说晋国有个叫冯妇的人善于搏虎，凡是他出现之处，就无虎。东瓯商人回去后把这个消息告诉了国君。由于东瓯话“火”和“虎”的读音毫无区别，国君误以为冯妇善于“扑火”，便以隆重的礼节从晋国请来了冯妇。第二天市场上失火了，大家跑去告诉冯妇，冯妇捋起袖子跟着众人跑出去，却找不到虎。大火烧到王宫，大家推着冯妇往火里冲，冯妇被活活烧死。那个商人也因此而获罪。(据《郁离子·冯妇》改编)
上述寓言中的人物由于语言沟通的问题，彼此一再产生误解，以致冯妇葬身火海。由此可见，语言上的沟通成功与否，有时影响巨大。请以“语言与沟通”为话题写一篇文章，可结合个人见闻、感受或学习语言的体会。
〔注意〕①所写内容必须在话题范围之内。试题引用的寓言材料，考生在文章中可用也可不用。②立意自定。③文体自选(诗歌除外)。④题目自拟。⑤不少于800字。⑥不得抄袭。
2003年全国高考作文：
感情亲疏和对事物的认知
阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。(60分)
宋国有个富人，一天大雨把他家的墙淋坏了。他儿子说：“不修好，一定会有人来偷窃。”邻居家的一位老人也这样说。晚上富人家里果然丢失了很多东西。富人觉得他儿子很聪明，而怀疑是邻居家老人偷的。
以上是《韩非子》中的一个寓言。直到今天，我们仍然可以在现实生活中听到类似的故事，但是，也常见到许多不同的甚至相反的情况。我们在认识事物和处理问题的时候，感情上的亲疏远近和对事物认知的正误深浅有没有关系呢?是什么样的关系呢?请就“感情亲疏和对事物的认知”这个话题写一篇文章。
[注意]①所写内容必须在话题范围之内。试题引用的寓言材料，考生在文章中可用也可不用。②立意自定。③文体自选。④题目自拟。⑤不少于800字。⑥不得抄袭。
2002年全国高考作文：心灵的选择
阅读下面的材料，根据要求作文。(60分)
有一位登山者，途中遇到暴风雪，他深知如果找不到避风之处必死无疑。他走啊走，突然脚下碰到一个僵硬的东西，他扒开雪地一看，原来是一个冻僵的人，他心想：是救他呢还是继续前行?经过心灵翻江倒海的思量之后，他决定救这个人。于是，他脱下手套，开始给那个冻僵的人全身按摩。经过一番努力，终于把他救醒了。于是，两人搀扶着走出雪地。也许人人不一定能够碰到这样的生死抉择，但是我们生活中也会面临一些与触动心灵有关的选择，在这种情况下，我们应该怎样选择?为什么会作这样的选择?请以“心灵的选择”为话题写一篇作文，范围不要超出这个内容之外。
[注意]①立意自定;②文体自选;③题目自拟;④不少于800字;⑤不得抄袭。 2001年全国高考作文：诚信
阅读下面一则寓言，根据要求作文。(60分)
有一个年轻人跋涉在漫长的人生路上，到了一个渡口的时候，他已经拥有了“健康”、“美貌”、“诚信”、“机敏”、“才学”、“金钱”、“荣誉”七个背囊。渡船开出时风平浪静，说不清过了多久，风起浪涌，小船上下颠簸，险象环生。艄公说：“船小负载重，客官须丢弃一个背襄方可安度难关。”看年轻人哪一个都舍不得丢，艄公又说：“有弃有取，有失有得。”年轻人思索了一会儿，把“诚信”抛进了水里。
寓言中“诚信”被抛弃了，它引发你想些什么呢?请以“诚信”为话题写一篇文章，可以写你的经历、体验、感受、看法和信念，也可以编写故事、寓言，等等。所写内容必须在“诚信”的范围之内。
[注意]①立意自定。②文体自选。③题目自拟。④不少于800字。
本文是在认真分析反复研究近几年近百套高考试题的基础上撰写的，它使高考热点词汇的热点用法一一突现出来，到目前未考但很有可能在今后得到考查的词汇也进行了介绍，这对提高高考备考针对性和命中率极有帮助。相信这篇文章及其巩固性练习是短语复习的最佳资料，对指导全国学生备考词汇有很强的指导作用。
近年来高考非常注重对短语的考查，尤其动词短语、介词短语、插入语式短语和连词短语成为热点考点，本文分类进行介绍。
一、 考查动词短语
1. get through 已考义项：通过;完成 待考义项：接通电话;到达
(1) There were a lot of people standing at the door and the small girl couldn‟t get ______.
(2006全国卷Ⅱ)
A. between B. through ______C. across D. beyond
(2) Hardly could he______this amount of work in such a short time. (2007天津)
A. get through B. get off
C. get into D. get down
2. get along 已考义项：对付得过去 待考义项：相处;有进展;有喜色
—How are you managing to do your work without an assistant?
—Well, I______somehow. (2006重庆)
A. get along B. come on
C. watch out D. set off
3. get over 已考义项：克服;康复 待考义项：越过
(1) If we can______our present difficulties, then everything should be all right.
(2007 湖北)
A. come across B. get over
C. come over D. get off
(2) It was not a serious illness, and she soon______it. (2004天津)
A. got over B. got on with
C. got around D. got out of
4. get in 已考义项：收割 待考义项：进入，抵达
We have to______the wheat as soon as possible because a storm is on the way.(2004湖北)
A. get away B. get across
C. get through D. get in
5. get down to 开始做正经事，to为介词，后接名词、代词、动名词做宾语
(1) The final examination is coming up soon. It‟s time for us to______our studies. (2004辽宁)
A. get down to B. get out
C. get back for D. get over
(2) Isn‟t it time you got down to______the papers? (2006 重庆)
A. mark B. be marked
C. being marked D. marking
6. get together 联欢，聚会
We‟re going to______with some friends for a picnic. Would you like to join us? (2004北京、安徽春季)
A. get in B. get over
C. get along D. get together
7. get away from 已考义项：回避 待考义项：摆脱
His mother had thought it would be good for his character to______from home and earn some money on his own. (2002北京)
A. run away B. take away
C. keep away D. get away
get待考短语：get up 起床;get across 被理解，使通过; get back 回来，恢复;get down 下来，写下，开始做某事;get home 到家;get into 进入，陷入;get off 下车(马、船、飞机);get on 上车(马、船、飞机);get out 出去;get to 到达，着手做某事
8. put back 把……放回去
You can take anything from the shelf and read, but please______the books when you‟ve finished with them. (2004全国卷Ⅰ)
A. put on______ B. put down
C. put back D. put off
9. put out 已考义项：扑灭 待考义项：出版;生产;关掉
The forest guards often find campfires that have not been______completely. (2004全国卷Ⅱ)
A. turned down B. put out
C. put away D. turned over
10. put away 把……收起来，储存，备用
Before the war broke out, many people
in safe places possessions they could not take with them. (2004重庆)
A. threw away B. put away
C. gave away D. carried away
put待考短语：put aside 把某事放在一边;put down 写下，镇压;put in 投入，放进;put off 推迟;put on 穿上;put together 装配;put up 张贴，举起，建造，搭起，进行;put up with 忍受
11. make up 已考义项：编造待考义项：构成;弥补;化装
Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and______jokes. (2005江苏)
A. turning up B. putting up
C. making up D. showing up
12. make out 已考义项：理解待考义项：辨认
The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to______ . (2003北京春季)
A. make it out B. make it off
C. make it up D. make it over
make待考短语：make for 有利于;make it 做到;make ... into ...拿……制成;make of 用……制造;make from 用……制造;make ... out of用……做;make a face做鬼脸;make one‟s way 前进;make way for替……让路。
13. come up with 已考义项：提出______待考义项：赶上
—Have you______some new ideas?
—Yeah. I‟ll tell you later. (2007江苏)
A. come about B. come into
C. come up with D. come out with
14. come out 已考义项：被出版待考义项：长出
The dictionary is being printed and it will soon______ . (2005福建)
A. turn out B. come out
C. start out D. go out
15. come about 发生，强调过程
(1) It‟s already 10 o‟clock I wonder how it______that she was two hours late on such a short trip. (2006湖北)
A. came over B. came out
C. came about D. came up
(2) Please tell me how the accident______. I am still in the dark. (2005江西)
A. came by B. came upon
C. came to D. came about
16. come down 下来
—Four dollars a pair? I think it‟s a bit too much.
—If you buy three pairs, the price for each will______to three fifty. (2006安徽)
A. come down B. take down
C. turn over D. go over
17. come on 已考义项：(表示劝说、激励、不耐烦等)来!快!得啦! 未考义项：(灾难、恐惧等)突然向……袭来;(想法等)突然产生;跟着来;进步、进展;开始(……起来)，袭击，来临
—I‟m dead tired. I can‟t walk any farther, Jenny.
—______ , Tommy. You can do it! (2006江西)
A. No problem B. No hurry
C. Come on D. That‟s OK
come待考短语：come across 偶然遇到;come along 出现，到来;come at 扑向;come back 回来;come from 来自于;come home 回家;come in 进来;come into 进入;come out first 得第一名;come over 过来;come round 绕道来;come to sb. (that) 被某人提出;come to sth. 共计，达到;come to an agreement 达成协议;come to a decision 做出决定;come to an end 结束;come to light 真相大白;come to oneself 苏醒过来;come to terms with 甘心忍受;come up 长出，发芽;come into use 开始使用;come into being 事物局面形成;come into effect 开始生效;come true 实现
18. cut in 插嘴
I was just talking to Margaret when Jackson______ . (2005湖南)
A. cut in B. cut down
C. cut out D. cut up
19. cut off 已考义项：使隔绝待考义项：切断(电源、自来水、煤气等)
He was in hospital for six months. He felt as if he was______from the outside world. (2004北京、安徽春季)
A. cut out B. cut off
C. cut up D. cut through
cut待考短语：cut up 切碎;cut down 砍倒，削减;cut out 切掉;cut short 剪断
20. act as 临时性充当、担任
We went to Canada to travel and my cousin______as our guide. (2005湖南)
A. played B. showed
C. acted D. performed
act待考短语：act out 用手势和语言表演(某件事);act on / upon 按照……行动，对……起作用
21. keep ... to oneself 将……作为秘密保守
You will find as you read this book that you just can‟t keep some of these stories to______. You will want to share them with a friend. (2005湖南)
A. itself B. yourself
C. himself D. themselves
22. keep up with 赶上
Would you slow down a bit, please? I can‟t______you. (2001北京、安徽、内蒙古春季)
A. keep up with B. put up with
C. make up to D. hold on to
keep待考短语：keep away (from sth.) 避开;keep back 阻止，隐瞒;keep fit 保持健康;keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事;keep (good) time (钟表等)走得准;keep hold of 抓住;keep sth in mind 牢记某事;keep off 避开;keep on doing sth. 继续做某事，反复做某事;keep out 把……挡在外面;keep up 保持……使不低落;keep watch 守望;keep the law 遵守纪律;keep the rule 遵守规章制度;keep one‟s word / promise 说话算数
23. break down 已考义项：坏掉;把……分成若干部分 待考义项：打破，毁掉;破除;制服;坍塌;(计划等)失败，不成功;(健康、精神)垮下来;中止，停顿
(1) The computer system______suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet. (2006辽宁)
A. broke down B. broke out
C. broke up D. broke in
(2) To understand the grammar of the sentence, you must break it______into parts.
(2005湖北)
A. down B. up C. off D. out
24. break out 已考义项：(火灾)发生待考义项：(战争)爆发;(争吵)爆发
I was still sleeping when the fire______ , and then it spread quickly. (2006广东)
A. broke out B. put out
C. came out D. got out
break待考短语：break in破门而入，闯入;break into强行进入，闯入;break into pieces 破成碎片;break in two破成两半;break through 突破;break up打碎，分开;break the law 违法;break the rule 违背规章制度;break one‟s word / promise 说话不算数;break one‟s heart 使某人心碎
25. pick out 已考义项：辨认待考义项：挑选
It was so dark in the cinema that I could hardly______my friend. (2007四川)
A. turn out B.bring out
C. call out D. pick out
26. pick up 已考义项：(偶然地、无意地)获得、学会 待考义项：继续;恢复;收拾、整理;捡起、拾起;(车辆等)中途搭(人)、中途带(货);(在无线电里)收听到
She______Japanese when she was in Japan. Now she can speak it freely. (2006福建)
A.picked out B. made out
C. made up D. picked up
27. bring about 导致，引起，带来
His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has______many good changes in their lives. (2005重庆)
A. got through B. resulted from
C. turned into D. brought about
bring待考短语：bring up 抚养，从嘴里吐出;bring back 归还，使记起;bring in引进
28. give up 放弃
—Smoking is bad for your health.
—Yes, I know. But I simply can‟t______ .(2002北京、安徽、内蒙古春季)
A. give it up______ B. give it in
C. give it out______ D. give it away
29. give out 已考义项：耗尽，用完待考义项：放出，发出;发表;分发;精疲力竭
What shall we use for power when all the oil in the world has______ ? (2005山东)
A. given out B. put out
C. held up D. used up
give待考短语：give in 屈服，让步;give away 赠送，泄露，出卖;give off 放出，发出;give way to 顺从，让……优先
30. fall down 已考义项：下降待考义项：倒塌;跌倒
In some western countries, demand for graduates from MBA courses has______. (2004全国卷Ⅳ)
A. turned down B. turned over
C. fallen down D. fallen over
31. go ahead已考义项：请便待考义项：往前走，前进
(1) —I wonder if I could possibly use your car for tonight?
—______ . I‟m not using it anyhow. (2006 全国卷Ⅰ)
A. Sure, go ahead B. I don‟t know
C. Yes, indeed D. I don‟t care
(2) —Could I use your computer for a few moments, please?
—______. I‟m not using it myself. (2007陕西)
A. Come on B. It depends
C. Go ahead D. That‟s great
32. go by 已考义项：时间流逝 待考义项：从旁经过
—Didn‟t you have a good time at the party?
—Of course I did. As a matter of fact, I had such fun that time seemed to______so quickly. (2007安徽)
A. go by B. go away
C. go out D. go over
33. go over 已考义项：审查______待考义项：复习
Would you please______ this form for me to see if I‟ve filled it in right? (2007浙江)
A. take off B. look after
C. give up D. go over
34. go in for 已考义项：爱好 待考义项：参加，从事
I don‟t______ rock „n‟ roll. It‟s much too noisy for my taste. (2004北京)
A. go after B. go away with C. go into D. go in for
go待考短语： go down下降，下沉;go away走开;go out出去，扑灭;go off爆炸;go in进去;go too far过分;go up上升;go without没有……勉强凑合;go through经历，遭受，完成;go bad食物变质;go mad发疯;go red脸色变红;go wrong出毛病;go smooth进展顺利
35. turn out 结果证明是，见分晓
We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn‟t quite______ as planned. (2004浙江)
A. make out B. turn out
C. go on C. come up
36. turn to 已考义项：求助于 待考义项：转向;翻到;变得，变成
She‟s having a lot of trouble with the new computer, but she doesn‟t know whom to______. (2007重庆)
A. turn to B. look for
C. deal with D. talk about
turn待考短语：turn in 上交;turn over 翻开;turn against 背叛;turn back 返回，翻回到;turn down 拒绝，把音量开小一点;turn on 打开;turn off 关掉;turn up 出现，把音量开高一点;turn into 变成;turn ... into ... 把……变成……;turn…into reality 把……变为现实;turn (a)round 转过身来;by turns 轮流;out of turn 抢先;take turns轮流
37. set up 已考义项：建立，创立 待考义项：竖立;张贴
For all these years I have been working for others. I‟m hoping I‟ll______my own business someday. (2006江西)
A. turn up B. fix up
C. set up D. make up
38. set out 已考义项：着手 待考义项：出发，起程
It‟s ten years since the scientist______on his life‟s work of discovering the valuable chemical. (2004江苏)
A. made for B. set out
C. took off______ D. turned up
set待考短语：set about 着手做某事;set aside 拨出;set back 把……往回拨;set off出发，使爆炸
39. stick to 坚持(原则、计划、办法)
Once a decision has been made, all of us should______it. (2004湖北)
A. direct to B. stick to
C. lead to D. refer to
stick待考短语：stick out 伸出，突出
40. look through 已考义项：仔细检查待考义项：浏览;复习;透过什么看;看透
1 have______all my papers but I still can‟t find my notes. (2007全国卷Ⅱ)
A. looked through B. looked for
C. looked after D. looked out
41. look out 已考义项：当心 待考义项：向外看
—______ for the glass!
—It‟s OK. I‟m wearing shoes. (2004湖南)
A. Look out______ B. Walk out
C. Go out______ D. Set out
42. look into 已考义项：调查 待考义项：往……里看
The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now______the matter. (2006湖北)
A. seeing through B. working out
C. looking into D. watching over
43. look up 已考义项：向上看 待考义项：(在……中)查寻，查找
(1) “Goodbye, then,” she said, without even______from her book. (2007全国卷I)
A. looking away B. looking up
C. looking down D. looking on
(2) We‟re trying to ring you back, Bryan, but we think we______your number incorrectly. (2006浙江)
A. looked up B. took down
C. worked out D. brought about
look待考短语： look up to尊敬; look down upon瞧不起;look like看起来像;look as if / though似乎;look behind向后看;look back to / on回顾;look at 看着，着眼于;look for寻找;look forward to向往;look sb. in the eye(s) / face直视某人;look after照顾;look over查看;look round / around环顾，四处打量;look on / upon ... as 把……看成……;look sb. up and down上上下下打量某人;have / take a look at看一看
44. let out 已考义项：泄露(秘密、消息)待考义项：放出;发出(声音);出租
He accidentally______he had quarreled with his wife and that he hadn‟t been home for a couple of weeks. (2004湖南)
A. let out______ B. took care
C. made sure______ D. made out
let待考短语：let alone 更不必说;let sb. / sth. alone 听任，不打扰;let sb. down 让某人失望;let fly at 把……射向;let sb. in 放某人进去;let sb. into 让某人进去
45. hand over 移交
It is certain that he will______his business to his son when he gets old. (2004福建)
A. take over B. think over
C. hand over D. go over
hand待考短语：hand in 上交;hand out 分发;by hand用手工(做);from hand to hand从一人之手传到另一人之手;hand in hand 手拉手;shake hands with sb., shake sb. by the hand, shake sb‟s hand 和某人握手;at hand 在手边，在身边;on the one hand ... , on the other hand 一方面……，另一方面……;fall into one‟s hands 落入某人之手;have a hand in 染指于
46. take in 欺骗;吸收
Don‟t be______by products promising to make you lose weight quickly. (2007辽宁)
A. taken off B. taken out
C. taken away D. taken in
47. take sth. seriously 认真对待
He began to take political science______only when he left school. (2007湖北)
A. strictly B. truly
C. carefully D. seriously
48. take up 已考义项：占去;开始从事待考义项：拿起;(车等)接纳(乘客)
(1) Helen always helps her mother even though going to school______most of her day. (2004广东)
A. takes up______B. makes up
C. saves up______ D. puts up
(2) After he retired from office, Rogers ______ painting for a while, but soon lost interest. (2006山东)
A. took up B. saved up
C. kept up D. drew up
take待考短语：take off 飞机起飞，事业腾飞，脱衣服;take a chance / one‟s chance冒险，碰运气;take away 拿走;take back 收回;take down 记下，取下;take on 呈现，雇用;take out带出去，拿出;take over接管
49. hold on to 抓住……不放
We thought of selling this old furniture. But we‟ve decided to______it. It might be valuable. (2002)
A. hold on to B. keep up with
C. turn to D. look after
hold待考短语：hold up 高高举起;hold back 阻挡，抑制，退缩;hold one‟s breath屏住呼吸;hold out 坚持住;hold together 使粘在一起，团结一致;get hold of 抓住
50. work out 已考义项：产生某种结果待考义项：锻炼;设计出，制订出;算出
We had wanted to finish our task by noon, but it didn‟t quite______as planned. (2007陕西)
A. find out B. give out
C. hand out D. work out
work待考短语：work on 致力于，从事于;work at 从事
51. call for 已考义项：需要 待考义项：喊某人同往某处
It‟s the sort of work that______a high level of concentration. (2007山东)
A. calls for B. makes up
C. lies in D. stands for
52. call up 已考义项：召唤，回忆待考义项：汇集;打电话
As I grew up in a small town at the foot of a mountain, the visit to the village______scenes of my childhood. (2006湖北)
A. called up B. called for
C. called on D. called in
call待考义项：call back 回电话;call in 叫进;call on 号召，拜访;call sb. names辱骂某人;call off 取消
53. die down 已考义项：渐弱，渐渐平息 待考义项：枯萎
Although the wind has______ , the rain remains steady, so you still need a raincoat.(2006湖北)
A. turned up B. gone back
C. died down D. blown out
die待考短语：die of 死于内因;die from 死于外因;die out 灭绝
54. cheer up (使)振奋，(使)欢呼
—I‟m thinking of the test tomorrow. I‟m afraid I can‟t pass this time.
—______! I‟m sure you‟ll make it. (2006天津)
A. Go ahead B. Good luck
C. No problem D. Cheer up
55. care for 已考义项：照顾______待考义项：愿意;喜欢;关心
After the earthquake，the injured were cared______in the hospitals or taken by air to the hospitals in the neighboring cities.(2006江西)
A. of B. for C. after D. with
56. leave behind 已考义项：离开______待考义项：把……落下来，把……忘掉
—Are you going to have a holiday this year?
—I‟d love to. I can‟t wait to leave this place______ . (2006江苏)
A. off B. out C. behind D. over
leave待考短语：leave ... alone 别管;leave ... be 别打扰;leave for 前往;leave ... for ... 离开……去……;leave out 省略，遗漏
57. ask for 要求获得
Before building a house, you will have to______the government‟s permission. (2005全国卷Ⅲ)
A. get from B. follow
C. receive D. ask for
58. have on 穿着(强调状态)
Could you please tell me where you bought the shoes you______ yesterday? (2005辽宁)
A. tried on B. put on
C. had on D. pulled on
have待考短语：have a good time 玩得痛快;have ... to do with 与……有……关系;have to 不得不
59. refer to 已考义项：参考 待考义项：指的是;提及
The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without______his notes. (2005浙江)
A. bringing up B. referring to
C. looking for D. trying on
60. see sb. off 给某人送行
John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will______him______at the airport. (2005广东)
A. send; away B. leave; off
C. see; off D. show; around
see未考短语：see through 看透，识破;see to 负责，注意，照看，处理 61. lead to 已考义项：导致______ 待考义项：通向
We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only______violence. (2007浙江)
A. runs into B. comes from
C. leads to D. begins with
62. be popular with 受……欢迎
This magazine is very______with young people, who like its content and style. (2007湖北)
A. familiar B. popular
C. similar D. particular
63. be fond of 喜欢，爱好
More and more young people are fond______playing tennis nowadays. (2006上海)
A. on B. to C. in D. of
64. be curious about 对……感到好奇
People have always been curious______how living things on the earth exactly began. (2006辽宁)
A. in B. at C. of D. about
be待考短语：be interested in 对……感兴趣;be surprised at 对……惊讶;be satisfied / content / pleased with 对……满意;be proud of 对……自豪;be terrified at 因……而害怕;be clear about 对……清楚;be aware / conscious of 意识到……;be skeptical of / about 对……怀疑;be sensitive about 对……敏感;be kind / friendly to 对……友好;be strict with 对某人严格;be strict in 对某事严格;be patient with 对某人耐心;be polite / impolite to 对某人礼貌 / 不礼貌;be rude to 对某人粗鲁;be thankful / grateful to 对某人感激;be good to 对……有好处;be good at 对……学得好;be particular about 对……挑剔; be sure of / about 对……有把握;be joined to / connected with 和……连在一起;be associated with / related to 和……有联系;be separated from 和……分开;be divided into 被分成;be made up of 由……构成;be angry with 对某人生气;be busy / occupied with 忙于;be lost / absorbed / deep in 沉溺于;be crowded with 挤满了;be full of / filled with 装满了;be late for ……迟到;be covered with 覆盖着;be covered by 被……覆盖;be tied to 被系在……;be crazy about 对……狂热;be familiar with 对……熟悉;be familiar to 对某人来说是熟悉的;be similar to 和……类似;be different from 与……不同;be particular about 对……挑剔;be famous / known for 因……著名;be famous /known as 作为……有名;be afraid of 害怕;be addicted to 对……上瘾;be cruel to 对……残忍;be clever at 在……乖巧;be expert at 精通;be overcome with (grief, sorrow)(悲伤)至极
65. close down 关闭
If the firms failed to make enough money, they would______ . (2007湖北)
A. close down B. call off
C. turn down D. set off
二、 考查介词短语用法
66. in case of 如果;以免
(1)______fire, all exits must be kept clear. (2007天津)
A. In place of B. Instead of
C. In case of D. In spite of
(2) The open-air celebration has been put off______bad weather. (2007浙江)
A. in case of B. in spite of
C. instead of D. because of
67. in a way 在某种程度上
—I think he is taking an active part in social work.
—I agree with you______ . (2007 陕西)
A. in a way B. on the way
C. by the way D. in the way
68. in exchange for 作为对……的交换
I have offered to paint the house______a week‟s accommodation. (2007山东)
A. in exchange for B. with regard to
C. by means of D. in place of
69. in terms of 已考义项：就……而说______待考义项：用……的话;以……的观点;根据……
achievement, last week‟s ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low, though not failing, grade. (2006湖南)
A. In terms of B. In case of
C. As a result of D. In face of
70. in favour of 赞同，支持
My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was______it. (2006陕西)
A. in favour of B. in memory of
C. in honour of D. in search of
71. by chance 碰巧
We hadn‟t planned to meet. We met______chance. (2005全国卷III)
A. of B. in C. for D. by
72. in that case 假如那样的话
—I‟m afraid Mr. Wood can‟t see you until 4 o‟clock.
—Oh,______I won‟t wait. (2005浙江)
A. no doubt B. after all
C. in that case D. in this way
73. for the moment 已考义项：暂时待考义项：一下子
The classroom is big enough______ , but we‟ll have to move if we have more students. (2005福建)
A. for the moment B. on the moment
C. in a moment D. for a moment
74. out of one‟s reach 够不着
I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children‟s______ . (2004天津)
A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place
75. for fear of 以免，以防万一
He got to the station early,______missing his train. (2004江苏)
A. in case of B. instead of
C. for fear of D. in search of
三、 考查连词短语用法
76. in case 如果，以防万一，万一
My parents live in a small village. They always keep candles in the house______there is a power out. (2007重庆)
A. if B. unlessC. in case D. so that
77. so that 已考义项：以便，为了，引导目的状语从句 待考义项：结果，引导结果状语从句
I‟d like to arrive 20 minutes early______I can have time for a cup of tea. (2005北京)
A. as soon as B. as a result
C. in case D. so that
78. even though 即使
Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice,______they knew it to be valuable. (2007浙江)
A. as if B. now that
C. even though______D. so that
未考考点： in order that 为了，引导目的状语从句;even if 即使，引导让步状语从句;as if / though 似乎，引导表语从句或方式状语从句。
四、考查插入语式短语用法
79. in fact 实际上
The winner of 1990 was extremely bad. ______most people say it was the worst winter of their lives. (2004浙江)
A. At last B. In fact
C. In a word D. As a result
80. as a result 结果
My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever;______ , he could neither eat nor sleep. (2005江西)
A. as a result B. after all
C. any way D. otherwise
81. as far as 已考义项：就……范围而言 待考义项：和……一样远
______I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger.(2004北京、安徽春季)
A. As long as B. As far as
C. Just as D. Even if
82. on the other hand 另一方面
I would like a job which pays more, but
I enjoy the work I‟m doing at the moment. (2006浙江)
A. in other words B. on the other hand ______C. for one thing D. as a matter of fact
83. what‟s more 再者，更何况，更重要的是
Maggie has been fortunate to find a job she loves and,______ , she gets well paid for it. (2005浙江)
A. sooner or later B. what‟s more
C. as a result D. more or less
84. generally speaking 一般说来
______, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. (2005全国Ⅲ)
A. General speaking
B. Speaking general
C. Generally speaking
D. Speaking generally
85. above all 首先，尤其重要的是，最为重要的是
I‟d like to buy a house—modern, comfortable, and______in a quiet neighborhood. (2004福建)
A. in all B. above all
C. after all D. at all
86. no wonder 难怪，怪不得
—Brad was Jane‟s brother!
—______ he reminded me so much of Jane! (2004浙江)
A. No doubt B. Above all
C. No wonder D. Of course
87. after all 毕竟，终究，到底，要知道(位于句首时含有别忘了之意，用来表示听话人似乎忘记了某一个重要环节而需要被加以提醒;位于句末时有出乎意料之意)。
People may have different opinions about Karen, but I admire her.______ , she is a great musician. (2004全国卷Ⅲ)
A. After all B. As a result
C. In other words D. As usual
88. in turn 已考义项：反过来待考考点：轮流
A clean environment can help the city bid for the Olympics, which______will promote its economic development. (2006山东)
A. in nature B. in return
C. in turn D. in fact
待考插入语式短语：in return 作为报答;that is (to say)就是说;what‟s worse 更糟糕的是;besides 更何况;or rather 更确切地说;believe it or not 信不信由你;altogether 总之;in a word 总之;in other words 换言之;worst of all 最糟糕的是;in one‟s opinion, in the opinion of sb. 以……之见;similarly 类似地;exactly 非常确切，确切地
五、 考查其它短语用法
89. as long as 长达;和……一样长;只要，引导条件状语从句
After supper she would sit down by the fire, sometimes for______an hour, thinking of her young and happy days. (2003上海春季)
A. as long as B. as soon as
C. as much as D. as many as
90. plenty of 足够的，大量的，修饰可数名词或不可数名词
We always keep______spare paper, in case we ran out. (2006浙江)
A. too much B. a number of
C. plenty of D. a good many
91. more than 已考义项：超过 待考义项：不仅仅
—Do you need any help, Lucy?
—Yes, The job is______I could do myself. (2007福建)
A. less than B. more than
C. no more than D. not more than
92. lack of 缺少
Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a______of exercise. (2007辽宁)
A. limit B. lack C. need D. demand
24.每年三四月间,居庸关长城附近山花盛放。市郊铁路S2线列车穿行于花海中,被称为“开往春大的列车”,吸引了大量踏青的游客,游客的涌入给森林消防和轨道交通带来了安全隐患,当地政府采取封山禁入措施,但效果不理想,于是转变思路,变堵为疏,着手规划建设花海列车观景平台,这一做法： ①履行了政府的市场监管职能,有利于建立良好市场秩序 ②自觉运用矛盾观点,创造条件,将风险点转化为共赢点 ③有利于满足人们的精神文化需求,带动当地旅游业发展
④有利于开发该线路的经济价值,说明文化的力量来自于经济 A.①③
B.①④
C.②③
D.②④
25. 山脊上,代表中华悠久文化的长城蜿蜒曲折:山腰间,詹天佑创造性设计的“人”字形铁路折回而上:地表下,运用当代中国先进技术建造的京张高铁穿行向前。为避免破坏沿线文物和环境,京张高铁建设者采用“精准微爆破”等所技术,在地下100多米建造隧道,做到施工地表零沉降,实现了高铁与环境和谐共存，下列分析正确的是：
A.京张高铁与“人”字形铁路是新旧事物的关系
B.工程设计与施工水平的提高说明实践活动具有社会历史性 C.建设者的创新意识是高铁成功建设的首要前提
D.高铁与环境和谐共存体现了矛盾同一性是推动事物发展的动力
26.万古奔腾的长江,孕育着源远流长的中华文明,为全面展示新时代长江的自然风貌和文化景观,多位艺术家深入长江流域采风,创作了巨幅长卷《长江万里图》,该作品雄浑磅礴、风光万千,画出了一条中国人心中砥砺奋进的文化长河,《长江万里图》的创作：
①体现了自然性与人文性的统一
②说明时代精神是艺术创新的源泉
③体现了创作者为祖国河山立传的文化自信
④说明客观真实是评价艺术作品的根本标准
A.①③
B.①④
C.②③
D.②④
27.“窗含西的千秋雪”““玉窗五见樱桃花”。中国传统建筑中窗的设计,巧妙之处在于可以引进阳光、空气，为居室主人呈现大自然的馈赠，借助窗外的空间美，人的心灵之窗也被打开，“纳千顷之汪洋,收四时之烂漫”下列选项正确的有：
①“窗”“景”“情”之间是本质的必然的联系 ②借窗生景的设计体现了征服自然的天人合一理念 ③窗与景、景与诗、诗与情的交融体现了人的创造性
④窗的设计体现了内与外、近与远、有限与无限的和谐统一
A.①②
B.①③
C.②④
D.③④
28.关于建立“京津翼地区城乡中小学图书流动机制”的建议通过对京津冀地区中小学生图书占有情况的调研，本研究小组发现三地的人均图书占有数量和种类存在差距。为此，我们建议建立“京津冀地区城乡中小学图书流动机制”。鼓励市民捐赠闲置图书，免费借阅，让图书在城乡.地区之间流动。具体方案如下:…… 某校中学生提出的图书流动机制建议：
①可以扩大学生阅读量,有利于文化产业的发展 ②有利于发挥市场在优化图书资源配置中的作用 ③着眼整体，共享文化资源，促进京津冀协同发展 ④体现了中学生积极参与公共事务,担当社会责任
A.①②
B.①③
C.②④
D.③④
29.“米面粮油，外卖帮你能搬又能扛：感冒发烧，外卖代买常用药：上门烧菜、上门洗车，人与服务的距离被大大拉近。”如今，这类服务随处可见，被趣称为“懒人经济”。下列分析正确的有：
①社会分工细化，满足多样化需求
②扩大相关服务交易规模，促进就业
③增如享受资料支出，助长非理性消费
④增加相关商品的生产成本，提高价格
A.①②
B.①③
C.②④
D.③④
30.近年来，北京打响蓝天保卫战，主要大气污染物排放量呈下降趋势，空气质量明显好转，下列分析正确的有： ①清洁空气具有公共物品属性，需要政府干预
②政府干预提高了排放者所承担的成本
③市场自发调节作用和自然界自净能力增强
④空气产权难以界定清晰，减少了污染物的排放量
A.①②
B.①③
C.②④
D.③④ 31.如图13所示，航空公司通常会给预订时间早的机票较大折扣，下列分析正确的是：
A.机票折扣的目的在于乘客数量的最大化
B.机票价格的市场调节具有一定的滞后性 C.预订机票早的乘客的需求价格弹性较大
D.航空公司预收机票款获得的投资收益高
32.人民币国际化是指人民币越出国界，在境外流通，成为国际上普遍接受的计价、结算及储备货币，这对我国经济的影响是：
A.强化人民币支付职能，弱化贮藏职能 B.减少国内货币供给，降低物价水平 C.提高国内货币政策的灵活性和效果
D.增加境外人民币需求，利于扩大进口
33.“群众家门口的事群众说了算”，北京某街道办事处开发了一款手机小程序，居民有什么意见建议，都可以在上面畅所欲言，相关部门可以通过大数据对居民意见实时查看和归类，为街道规划设计和管理提供依据。该街道办事处的做法：
A.激发社区活力，保障居民决策权有效行使
B.创新社区参与途径，利于满足群众的诉求 C.提供了交流平台，保证居民有效行使质询权 D.扩大了公民权利，利于意见表达和集中民智
34.云梦秦简出土于湖北省云梦县睡虎地秦墓,其中的《为吏之道》记载了“吏有五善”，一日忠信敬上，二日清廉毋谤，三曰举事审当，四曰喜为善行,五曰恭敬多让。《为吏之道》的“五善”：
①说明权力的行使应审慎、谦抑
②说明公职人员应注重道德修养 ③说明自律是有效制约权力的关键
④对加强党员干部队伍建设具有借鉴意义
A.①②③
B.①②④
C.①③④
D.②③④
35.下列描述中,符合该国政治体制运作规则的是：
A.法国议会通过对政府的不信任案,总统和内阁集体辞职 B.法国议会通过一项重大外交政策,交由总理内阁实施 C.英国首相宣布解散议会,提前举行议会大选 D.英国脱欧进程中的重大决议由英国首相决定
38.(34分)“湖平两岸闲，风正一帆悬”,中国特色社会主义进入新时代变化的生活
改革开放四十年来，全体人民致力同心，共同奋斗，,生活变得越来越美好。 舌尖上的美好生活：吃得更营养、更健康、更有文化，绿色食品成为就餐时尚。
家居里的美好生活：更加注重环保和艺术品位，智能家居，个性定制进入百姓生活。 休闲中的关好生活：健身、阅读、培训充电渐成潮流，博物馆、刷场门前的队伍变长了，亲子游、毕业游、定制游深受欢迎。
……
不忘初心，方得始终。中国共产党人的初心和使命，就是为中国人民谋幸福，为中华民族谋复兴。
中国共产党始终坚持人民立场，坚持人民主体地位，虚心向人民学习，倾听人民呼声，汲取人民智慧，把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成，高兴不高兴，答应不答应作为衡量一切工作得失的根本标准，着力解决好人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，让全体中国人民和中华儿女在实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史进程中共享幸福和荣光。
(1)运用哲学观点分析“变化的生活”与“不变的初心”之间的关系。(10分)
中国特色社会主义进入新时代，中国经济出现了一系列不一样的速度。
(2)读图17,运用《经济生活》知识,分析这些“不一样的速度”与高质量发展的关系(12分)
为适应新时代发展的需要,政府部门深化改革,步伐更快,措施更实。
“最多跑一次”“网上一次办理”,让群众办事更加方便。“数据用得活、服务更暖心”。大数据帮助政府实现精准治理。“农村大病保险”“健康扶贫工程”持续发力,基本公共服务均等化、普患化、使捷化持续推进。
破解企业办证难题,避免“公章旅行”,“多评合
一、多审合
一、多图联审”破除企业投资障碍。面对新情况新问题,探索建立政府与新业态之间的良性互动,维护市场公平竞争秩序,促进跨境电商、移动支付、人工智能等新兴产业健康发展。
着手建设全国统一的执法信息平台,有效遏制不作为、乱作为等问题。省、市、县三级政府法律顾问实现全覆盖,政府法律顾问在政府决策过程中发挥越来越大的作用。推行政府权力清单制度,促进权力公开透明运行。
(3)结合材料,说明在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化进程中,政府应该如何为?(12分)
39.(10分)交换:各自把自己的给对方。
——《汉语大词典》
交换的历史由来已久,《诗经·卫风》中的“氓之蚩蚩,抱布贸丝”,记载了古老的物物交换。每个人有不同的技能和禀赋,每一块土地有各自的特色和资源,交换就从这种多样性而来,稻作地区的人们用粮食换取来自草原的骏马,东方的丝绸绢帛换取来自西方的钟表。在驼铃悠扬的古丝绸之路上,伴随着货物交换的还有阿拉伯数字、青花瓷技艺和茶文化。“独学而无友,则孤陋而寡闻”思维碰撞中“你有一个思想,我有一个思想,彼此交换后每个人都有两个思想”。
在全球化时代,交换愈加频繁便捷,红酒、纺织品、汽车、机械装备等数以万计的货物在各国海关进出,国际媒体间定期交换报道内容,国家首脑会晤交换对国际事务的意见……
实物、信息、知识和思想的交换每天都在发生，从哲学角度阐述,交换给我们带来了什么?
41.(26分)坭兴陶、宜兴陶、建水陶和荣昌陶并称中国四大名陶。随着全域旅游的兴起，“坭兴陶文化”成为广西钦洲市旅游业发展的重要品牌之一。
图19 钦州市旅游资源分布及对外交通示意图
(2)从所有制变化的角度，概括建国以来宜兴紫砂壶企业发展的特点，并分析其原因。(8分)
参考答案：
24～28 CBADD
29～33 AACDB
34～35 BC
安徽高考：专家指导作文备考
如果说学生作文分数在40分以下，语文分数肯定受其影响。很多人都觉得，如果作文写不好，在一定程度上可导致直接落榜。理论上作文是如何要求的，现实中怎样写才能拿到高分?
如何炼成“秒杀”阅卷人的作文?
容易“秒杀”阅卷老师的作文是怎样炼成的?现实中，你花费了一个多小时，辛苦写出来的作文，老师不仔细看，或者看了也没有给出理想的分数，那么对学生来说，无论是信心还是高考总分来讲都会造成一定的影响，因此说大家在考前的这段时间内，要精心琢磨“秒杀”的内容。这才是现实的问题。
如何拟写“一见钟情”的作文题?
题目应力求简洁凝炼，形象生动，拟题原则是“小”“准”“新”，能展示文采，先声夺人。高考满分作文，此类作文标题新颖、别致，富有内涵当然技高一筹，足以让阅卷老师“一见钟情”。这就启发我们平时拟题时要多推敲，多润色，让题目首先成为亮点。
高考作文的高分秘籍是什么?
2013高考进入倒计时，专家支招高考冲击技巧。解题不规范是学生考试丢分最重要的原因之一。据了解，凡是高考高分试卷，极少能看到有很多涂涂改改、思路不清、表达混乱的情况。
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